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Flock level socio-economic and other associated risk factors for Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) exposure in sheep and goats in Madhya Pradesh state, India

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Abstract

To effectively control and eradicate PPR, the comprehensive understanding of risk factors associated with PPR exposure is vital. Hence, this study investigated socioeconomic and other associated risk determinants for PPR exposure at flock level in sheep and goats in a non-vaccination programme implemented Madhya Pradesh state India. A total of 410 sheep and goat flocks, comprised mostly of goats but also some mixed flocks, were surveyed during 2016 using a multistage random sampling procedure. Further, 230 blood samples were also collected from the farmers-reported PPR affected flocks and sera were tested using c-ELISA to confirm PPR exposure. The primary data on socioeconomic factors, farm management factors, health status, vaccination details and other epidemiological risk factors were collected from flock owners and descriptive statistics, chi-square analysis and logistic regression models were fitted to identify the significant risk factors for PPR incidence. The farmer’s education, flock size, rearing pattern, and awareness of PPR vaccination were found to be significant pre-disposing risk factors for PPR exposure in the flocks. Hence, the control and eradication strategy need to be designed comprehensively considering the key social factors like education and vaccination awareness along with other flock level risk factors to eradicate PPR by 2030 in consonance with the global plan.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are thankful to the Madhya Pradesh State Animal Husbandry Department and their officials, field veterinarians, para-veterinarians for their assistance during data collection and thank the sheep and goats rearing farmers in MP state for their active participation in the survey and for their kind co-operation.

Funding

The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), Agriculture Extension Division for funding the project through the Extramural Project (A. Extn.26/5/2106-AE-I/13).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560064, India

    Gurrappa Naidu Govindaraj, Vinayagamurthy Balamurugan, Barada Shankar Mohanty, Sowjanya Kumari, G. S. Naveenkumar, Parimal Roy & B. R. Shome

  2. State Disease Investigation Laboratory, Department of Animal Husbandry, Government of Madhya Pradesh, Bhopal, 462001, India

    Jayant Tapase

Authors
  1. Gurrappa Naidu Govindaraj
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  2. Vinayagamurthy Balamurugan
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  3. Barada Shankar Mohanty
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  4. Sowjanya Kumari
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  5. Jayant Tapase
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  6. G. S. Naveenkumar
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  7. Parimal Roy
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  8. B. R. Shome
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Contributions

GG Conceptualized, applied research design, standardized survey protocols, draft writing, proof reading and editing. VB contributed in review and editing. BSM and GSN participated in data collection and analysis SK conducted lab analysis. JT associated in data collection and investigation. PR and BRS provided necessary supervision and logistic support for executing the work.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Gurrappa Naidu Govindaraj.

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The manuscript does not contain animal experimental trails. No ethical clearance is required for collecting small volumes of blood samples required for seroepidemiological studies, as per CPCSEA (committee for the purpose of control and supervision of experiments on animals) guidelines. Moreover, the serum samples were collected by well-trained veterinarian is concerning animal welfare regulation for the diagnosis of disease. Informed verbal/ oral consent was obtained from the survey participants by explaining the pertinent information.

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Govindaraj, G.N., Balamurugan, V., Mohanty, B.S. et al. Flock level socio-economic and other associated risk factors for Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) exposure in sheep and goats in Madhya Pradesh state, India. Trop Anim Health Prod 56, 127 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-024-03974-4

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