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Toxoplasma gondii infection in Egyptian domestic sheep and goats: seroprevalence and risk factors

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Abstract

Toxoplasma gondii is an apicomplexan protozoan parasite that has been associated with reproductive failure in small ruminants. Although T. gondii infections in ruminants and humans have been recorded in several Egypt’s governorates, but little is known about the risk factors associated with T. gondii infections. In this study, 350 sheep and 290 goat serum samples from three governorates in Egypt were examined for presence of antibodies against T. gondii, and evaluate the associate risk factors for the infection. The seroprevalence in sheep and goats was 24% and 38.28%, respectively. In sheep and goats, age, sex, the presence of cats, and hygienic conditions were identified as risk factors for T. gondii infection. In addition, the prevalence rates were significantly higher in older animals more than 2 years old, females, among animals contacted with cats, and animals living in bad hygienic condition. In conclusion, sheep and goats in the examined regions are commonly infected with T. gondii. The identification of risk variables defines the sort of actions to be implemented in order to decrease, and prevent T. gondii infection in small ruminant animals and, as a result, human infection.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge the Deanship of Scientific Research, Vice Presidency for Graduate Studies and Scientific Research, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia for the financial support of this research through Grant Number 2840.

Funding

This work was supported through the Annual Funding track by the Deanship of Scientific Research, Vice Presidency for Graduate Studies and Scientific Research, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia (Grant Number 2840).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Animal Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh, 13736, Egypt

    Abdelfattah Selim

  2. Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia

    Mohamed Marzok & Mohamed Salem

  3. Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafr El Sheikh University, Kafr El Sheikh, Egypt

    Mohamed Marzok

  4. Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Hafr Al-Batin, Hafr Al-Batin, Saudi Arabia

    Ayed Alshammari

  5. Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Asha, 31982, Saudi Arabia

    Omar A. AL-Jabr

  6. Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia

    Majed H. Wakid

  7. Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia

    Majed H. Wakid

  8. Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, 12613, Egypt

    Mohamed Salem

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Contributions

Conceptualization, methodology, formal analysis, investigation, resources, data curation, writing—original draft preparation, A.S., M.M., O.A.A., A.A., M.H.W., and M.S.; writing—review and editing, A.S., O.A.A., A.A., M.H.W., and M.S.; project administration, A.S., M. M A.A., M.H.W., and M.S.; funding acquisition, A.S., M.M., O.A.A., and M.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Abdelfattah Selim or Mohamed Marzok.

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The Benha University ethical council for animal studies gave its approval to all methods including the handling and collection of blood samples. The owners of the livestock gave their informed consent for the collection of the samples. The ARRIVE criteria were adhered to throughout the research process.

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Selim, A., Marzok, M., Alshammari, A. et al. Toxoplasma gondii infection in Egyptian domestic sheep and goats: seroprevalence and risk factors. Trop Anim Health Prod 55, 182 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-023-03603-6

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