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Estimating prevalence of endometritis in smallholder zero-grazed dairy cows in Rwanda

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Abstract

Endometritis is a postpartum uterine disease of cows that interrupts reproductive cycles resulting in suboptimal fertility, reduced performance and profitability of the dairy herd. The objective of the study was to estimate the perceived and observed prevalence of endometritis among zero-grazed dairy cows in smallholder farms in Rwanda. A snowball sampling method was applied in cross-sectional survey to obtain data from 370 farms on 466 cows within their 21–60 days postpartum (dpp). The survey, conducted from September 2018 to March 2019, simultaneously examined cows using the Metricheck Device (MED) to determine the presence and type of vaginal mucus (VMC) based on a score scale of 0 to 3. Cows scoring VMC ≥ 1 were recorded as clinical endometritis (CLE)–positive. Cytotape (CYT) was used to determine the percentages of polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) in endometrial cytology sample. Cows with ≥ 5% PMN were recorded subclinical endometritis (SCLE)–positive, whereas cows with VMC-0 and < 5% PMN were considered healthy cows. At cow-level, endometritis prevalence was 70.2% with 67.2% CLE and 31.8% SCLE while at the herd-level, prevalence was 71.1% with 68.1% CLE and 34.4% SCLE. The differences between the diagnostic performance of the MED and CYT were significant (p < 0.001). Perceived prevalence by farmers was much lower (3.2%) and without agreement with the observed prevalence (kappa = − 0.02, p > 0.05). The highly observed prevalence and farmer underestimation of endometritis prevalence indicate knowledge gaps about endometritis. The extension service therefore needs to increase awareness and education among smallholder farmers about detection and management of endometritis.

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Acknowledgements

This material is based upon work supported by the United States Agency for International Development, as part of the Feed the Future initiative, under the CGIAR Fund, award number BFS-G-11-00002, and the predecessor fund the Food Security and Crisis Mitigation II grant, award number EEM-G-00-04-00013. The authors thank the Rwanda Agriculture and Animal Resources Development Board and School of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Rwanda, for field support and laboratory facilities, respectively. The same goes to animal resource officers, enumerators and farmers for their greater cooperation during data collection period, which was footwork.

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  1. Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Egerton University, P. O. Box 536, Njoro, 20115, Kenya

    Pascal Nyabinwa, Olivier Basole Kashongwe & Bockline Omedo Bebe

  2. Rwanda Agriculture and Animal Resources Development Board, P. O. Box 5016, Kigali, Rwanda

    Pascal Nyabinwa & Claire d’Andre Hirwa

  3. School of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Rwanda, P. O. Box 57, Nyagatare, Rwanda

    Jean Paul Habimana

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“All applicable international, national and/or institutional guidelines for the care and use of animals were followed”. All procedures performed in studies involving animals were in accordance with the ethical standards of Rwanda Agriculture and Animal Resources Development Board. Ref: No. 01.11/928/018/PK/HQ of 17/05/2018. Informed consent was obtained from all farmer participants included in the study.

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Nyabinwa, P., Kashongwe, O.B., Habimana, J.P. et al. Estimating prevalence of endometritis in smallholder zero-grazed dairy cows in Rwanda. Trop Anim Health Prod 52, 3135–3145 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-020-02337-z

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