Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Effects of various plant protein sources in high-quality feed block on feed intake, rumen fermentation, and microbial population in swamp buffalo

  • Original Research
  • Published:
Tropical Animal Health and Production Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This study was designed to determine effect of various plant protein sources in high-quality feed block (HQFB) on feed intake, rumen fermentation, and microbial population in swamp buffalo. Four rumen-fistulated swamp buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) were randomly assigned according to a 4 × 4 Latin square design. Four kinds of plant protein sources (coarse rice bran (CRB), cassava hay (CH), Phaseolus calcaratus hay, and mulberry hay (MH)) were mixed in the HQFB. HQFBs were allowed to be licked at free choice, and urea–lime-treated rice straw (ULRS) were fed ad libitum. It was found that bacterial population and fungal zoospores in CH-fed group tended to be higher than those in other groups. Moreover, protozoal population in CH, P. calcaratus hay, and MH were lower than those in CRB supplemented group (P < 0.05). Cellulolytic bacterial population was highest in CH-fed group while proteolytic bacteria population was highest in P. calcaratus hay-fed group (P < 0.05). CH-fed group had higher ULRS intake than those in other groups (P < 0.05). Nutrient digestibility of CP, NDF, and ADF in CH-fed group was significantly higher than those in other groups (P < 0.05). Total VFA was highest in CH-fed group (P < 0.05). N absorption was highest in CH-fed group (P < 0.05). Based on this study, it could be concluded that cassava hay, P. calcaratus hay, and mulberry hay are potential to be used as protein sources in the HQFBs especially cassava hay.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Anbarasu, C., Dutta, N., Sharma, K., Rawat, M., 2004. Response of goats to partial replacement of dietary protein by a leaf meal mixture containing Leucaena leucocephala, Morus alba and Tectona grandis. Small Ruminant Research, 51, 47–56

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Animut, G., Goetsch, A.L., Puchala, R., Patra, A.K., Sahlu, T., Varel, V.H., Wells, J., 2008. Methane emission by goats consuming diets with different levels of condensed tannins from lespedeza. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 144, 212–227

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • AOAC, 1997. Official Methods of Analysis. 16th Ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Gaithersburg, MD

    Google Scholar 

  • ARC (Agricultural Research Council), 1990. The Nutrient Requirements of Ruminant Livestock, Suppl 1. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, London, pp 351–360

    Google Scholar 

  • Bakshi, M.P.S., Wadhwa, M., 2007. Tree leaves as complete feed for goat bucks. Small Ruminant Research, 69 (1–3), 74–78

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ba N.X., Giang V.D., Ngoan L.D., 2005. Ensiling of mulberry foliage (Morus alba) and the nutritive value of mulberry foliage silage for goats in central Vietnam. Livestock Research for Rural Development. 17 (15). http://www.cipav.org.co/lrrd/lrrd17/2/ba17015.htm

  • Bhatta, R., Uyeno, Y., Tajima, K., Takenaka, A., Yabumoto, Y., Nonaka, I., Enishi, O., Kurihara, M., 2009. Difference in the nature of tannins on in vitro ruminal methane and volatile fatty acid production and on methanogenic archaea and protozoal populations. Journal of Dairy Science, 92, 5512–5522

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bodthaisong, S., Wanapat, M., Pakdee, P. and Wanapat, S., 2007. Effect of dried mulberry leaf as a protein source in replacement for soybean meal in concentrate ration on rumen ecology and milk yield in lactating dairy cow. Proceedings of the 4th Animal Science Conference. Khon Kaen, Thailand. 50–54

  • Carulla, J.E., Kreuzer, M., Machmuller, A., Hess, H.D., 2005. Supplementation of Acacia mearnsii tannins decreases methanogenesis and urinary nitrogen in forage-fed sheep. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 56, 961–970

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chantalakhana, C., 2001. Contribution of water buffaloes in rural development. Proceedings of the Regional Workshop on Water Buffaloes for Food Security and Sustainable Rural Development.  Department of Livestock Development, Bangkok, 1–10

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen, X. B. and Gomes, M. J., 1995. Estimation of microbial protein supply to sheep and cattle based on urinary excretion of purine derivatives and overview of the technical details. International Feed Resources Unit, Rowel Research Institute, Aberdeen. Occasional Publication 1992

    Google Scholar 

  • Crocker, C. L., 1967. Rapid determination of urea nitrogen in serum or plasma without deproteinization. American Journal of Medical Technology, 33, 361–365

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cherdthong, A., Wanapat, M., and Wachirapakorn, C., 2011a. Influence of urea calcium mixture supplementation on ruminal fermentation characteristics of beef cattle fed on concentrates containing high levels of cassava chips and rice straw, Animal Feed Science and Technology, 163, 43–51

  • Cherdthong, A., Wanapat, M., and Wachirapakorn, C., 2011b. Effects of urea-calcium mixture in concentrate containing high cassava chip on feed intake, rumen fermentation and performance of lactating dairy cows fed on rice straw. Livestock Science, 136, 76–84

    Google Scholar 

  • Devendra, C., 1990. The use of shrub and Tree fodders by ruminants. Proceeding of Shrub and Tree Fodder for Animal. (Eds., Devendra, C.), IDRC, Ottawa, Canada

  • Galyean, M., 1989. Laboratory Procedure in Animal Nutrition Research. Department of Animal and Life Science. New Mexico state University, U.S.A

  • Getachew, G., Makkar, H. P. S. and Becker, K., 2001. Method of polyethylene glycol application to tannin-containing browses to improve microbial fermentation and efficiency of microbial protein synthesis from tannin-containing browses. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 92, 51–57

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goering, H. K. and Van Soest, P. J., 1970. Forage Fiber Analyses (Apparatus, Reagents, Procedures, and Some Applications). Agriculture Handbook No. 379. ARS-USDA, Washington, DC

  • Grainger, C., Clarke, T., Auldist, M.J., Beauchemin, K.A., McGinn, S.M., Waghorn, G.C., Eckard, R.J., 2009. Potential use of Acacia mearnsii condensed tannins to reduce methane emissions and nitrogen excretion from grazing dairy cows. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 89, 241–251

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hungate, R. E., 1969. A Roll tube method for cultivation of strict anaerobes. In Method in Microbiology. (Eds., Norris, J. R. and Ribbons, D. W.), Academic Press. NY, 117–132

  • IPCC, 2007. Summary for policymakers. In: Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K.B., Tignor, M., Miller, H.L. (Eds.), Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA

    Google Scholar 

  • Jayanegara, A., Togtokhbayar, A., Makkar, H.P.S., Becker, K., 2009. Tannins determined by various methods as predictors of methane production reduction potential of plants by an in vitro rumen fermentation system. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 150, 230–237

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kandylis, K., Hadjigeorgiou, I. and Harizanis, P. 2009. The nutritive value of mulberry leaves (Morus alba) as a feed supplement for sheep. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 41, 17–24

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khampa, S., Chaowarat, P., Singhalert, R. and Wanapat, M., 2009. Effects of malate and cassava hay in high-quality feed block on ruminal fermentation efficiency and digestibility of nutrients in dairy heifer. Research Journal of Dairy Science, 3, 8–12

    Google Scholar 

  • Khang, D. N., Wiktorsson, H. and Preston, T. R., 2005. Yield and chemical composition of cassava foliage and tuber yield as influenced by harvesting height and cutting interval. Asian Australasian Journal of Animal Science 18, 1029–1035

    Google Scholar 

  • Kiyothong, K. and Wanapat, M., 2004. Supplementation of cassava hay and stylo 184 hay to replace concentrate for lactating dairy cows. Asian Australasian Journal of Animal Science, 17, 670–677

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koakhunthod, S., Wanapat, M., Wachirapakorn, C., Nontaso, N., Rowlinson, P. and Sornsungnern, N., 2001. Effect of cassava hay in high-quality feed block supplementation on milk production in lactating dairy cows. Proceeding of the International Workshop on Current research and development of cassava as animal feeds, organized by Khon Kaen University and Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA) and Swedish Agency for Research and Cooperation with Developing Countries (SAREC), July 23–24, 2001, Kosa Hotel, Thailand

  • Liu, J.X., Yao, J., Yan, B., Yu, J.Q., Shi, Z.Q., 2001. Effects of mulberry leaves to replace rapeseed meal on performance of sheep feeding on ammoniated rice straw diet. Small Ruminant Research, 39, 131–136.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Min, B.R., Pinchak, W.E., Fulford, J.D., Puchala, R., 2005. Wheat pasture bloat dynamics, in vitro ruminal gas production, and potential bloat mitigation with condensed tannins. Journal of Animal Science, 83, 1322–1331

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Owens, F. N. and Zinn, R., 1988. Protein metabolism of ruminant animals. In The Ruminant Animal Digestive Physiology and Nutrition. D. C. Church, ed. Waveland, Prospect Heights, IL, 227–249

    Google Scholar 

  • Patra, A.K., Saxena, J., 2009. Dietary phytochemicals as rumen modifiers: a review of the effects on microbial populations. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 96, 363–375

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Puchala, R., B. R. Min, A. L. Goetsch, and T. Sahlu. 2005. The effect of a condensed tannin-containing forage on methane emission by goats. Journal of Animal Science, 83, 182–186

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ravindran, V., 1993. Cassava leaves as animal feed: Potential and limitation. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 61, 141–150

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Samuel, M., Sagathewan, S., Thomas, J. and Mathen, G., 1997. An HPLC method for estimation of volatile fatty acids of ruminal fluid. Indian Journal of Animal Science, 67, 805–807

    Google Scholar 

  • SAS, 1998. User’s Guide: Statistic, Version 6.12th Edition. SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC.

  • Steel, R. G. D. and Torrie, J. H., 1980. Principles and procedures of statistics. McGraw Hill, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Wanapat M. 2002. Role of cassava hay as animal feeds in the tropics. In: Proceedings of the Agricultutal Conference, 27–29 January 2002, Chiangmai University, Thailand. Faculty of Agriculture, Chiangmai University: Chiangmai, Thailand, 51–59

  • Wanapat, M., 2003. Manipulation of cassava cultivation and utilization to improve protein to energy biomass for livestock feeding in the tropics. Asian Australasian Journal of Animal Science, 16, 463–472

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wanapat, M. 2009. Potential uses of local feed resources for ruminants. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 41, 1035–1049

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wanapat, M. and Khampa, S., 2006. Effect of cassava hay in high-quality feed block as anthelmintics in steers grazing on ruzi grass. Asian Australasian Journal of Animal Science, 19, 695–699

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wanapat, M. and Pimpa, O., 1999. Effect of ruminal NH3–N levels on ruminal fermentaion, purine derivatives, digestibility and rice straw intake in swamp buffaloes. Asian Australasian Journal of Animal Science, 12, 904–907

    Google Scholar 

  • Wanapat, M., Petlum, A. and Pimpa, O., 1999. Strategic supplementation with a high-quality feed block on roughage intake, milk yield and composition and economic return in lactating dairy cows. Asian Australasian Journal of Animal Science, 12, 901–903

    Google Scholar 

  • Wanapat, M., Promkot, C. and Khampa, S., 2006a. Supplementation of cassava hay as a protein replacement for soybean meal in concentrate supplement for dairy cows. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 6, 68–71

    Google Scholar 

  • Wanapat, M., Poungchompu, O., Joomjunta, S., Lunsin, R., Heebkaew, R. and Petlum, A., 2006b. Study on growth and nutritive values of Phaseolus calcaratus. Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center, Khon Kaen University: Khon Kaen, Thailand

    Google Scholar 

  • Wanapat, M., Polyorach, S., Boonnop, K., Mapato, C. and Cherdthong, A., 2009. Effects of treating rice straw with urea or urea and calcium hydroxide upon intake, digestibility, rumen fermentation and milk yield of dairy cows. Livestock Science, 125, 238–243

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to express their most sincere thanks to the Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University and The Thailand Research Fund in collaboration with Khon Kaen University (TRF Master Research Grants: TRF-MAG Window II) for their kind financial support and the use of research facilities.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand

    Suban Foiklang & Metha Wanapat

  2. Beef and Buffaloes Section, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand

    Wetchasit Toburan

Authors
  1. Suban Foiklang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Metha Wanapat
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Wetchasit Toburan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Metha Wanapat.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Foiklang, S., Wanapat, M. & Toburan, W. Effects of various plant protein sources in high-quality feed block on feed intake, rumen fermentation, and microbial population in swamp buffalo. Trop Anim Health Prod 43, 1517–1524 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-011-9836-y

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-011-9836-y

Keywords

Search

Navigation