Abstract
In this paper, four ionic liquids based on chromotropate (CAILs) were prepared and applied to heighten the tribological performance of aqueous system on different metal friction contacts. Taking for the potential choice for water-based lubricating additive, CAILs exhibited excellent water solubility and corrosion resistance. Tribological results showed that the CAILs, especially the phenolic hydroxyl group decorated samples (TsnN4444 and TsnP4444), demonstrating extremely effective lubricating properties with the efficient friction and wear descent (69% and 83% for Fe, 47% and 94% for Cu, 74% and 69% for Al, respectively). Especially, the excellent load-carrying capacity was also presented with the highest PB (833 N) and PD (1568 N) values for TsnP4444. It is speculated that the CAIL molecular adsorption on the interface and further generation of tribochemical films are beneficial for their lubricating effects, resulting from the systematic discussion and analysis of CA, QCM, SEM, XPS, and FIB-TEM tests. However, TsN4444 and TsP4444 showed less effective lubricating performances and poor load-carrying capacities due to tribocorrosion of hydroxyl groups at the interface.
Graphical Abstract
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Yang, Z., Sun, C., Zhang, C., Zhao, S., Cai, M., Liu, Z., Yu, Q.: Amino acid ionic liquids as anticorrosive and lubricating additives for water and their environmental impact. Tribol. Int. 153, 106663 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2020.106663
Dong, R., Yu, Q., Bai, Y., Wu, Y., Ma, Z., Zhang, J., Zhang, C., Yu, B., Zhou, F., Liu, W., Cai, M.: Towards superior lubricity and anticorrosion performances of proton-type ionic liquids additives for water-based lubricating fluids. Chem. Eng. J. 383, 123201 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.123201
Wang, Y., Yu, Q., Ma, Z., Huang, G., Cai, M., Zhou, F., Liu, W.: Significant enhancement of anti-friction capability of cationic surfactant by phosphonate functionality as additive in water. Tribol. Int. 112, 86–93 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2017.03.034
Fan, M., Du, X., Ma, L., Wen, P., Zhang, S., Dong, R., Sun, W., Yang, D., Zhou, F., Liu, W.: In situ preparation of multifunctional additives in water. Tribol. Int. 130, 317–323 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2018.09.020
Yang, D., Du, X., Li, W., Han, Y., Ma, L., Fan, M., Zhou, F., Liu, W.: Facile preparation and tribological properties of water-based naphthalene dicarboxylate ionic liquid lubricating additives. Tribol. Lett. 68, 84 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11249-020-01323-8
Phillips, B.S., Zabinski, J.S.: Ionic liquid lubrication effects on ceramics in a water environment. Tribol. Lett. 17, 533–541 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1023/B:TRIL.0000044501.64351.68
Tomala, A., Karpinska, A., Werner, W.S.M., Olver, A., Störi, H.: Tribological properties of additives for water-based lubricants. Wear 269, 804–810 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2010.08.008
Guo, P., Chen, L., Wang, J., Geng, Z., Lu, Z., Zhang, G.: Enhanced tribological performance of aminated nano-silica modified graphene oxide as water-based lubricant additive. ACS Appl. Nano Mater. 1, 6444–6453 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.8b01653
Del Sol, I., Gámez, A.J., Rivero, A., Iglesias, P.: Tribological performance of ionic liquids as additives of water-based cutting fluids. Wear 426–427, 845–852 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2019.01.109
Arcifa, A., Rossi, A., Ramakrishna, S.N., Espinosa-Marzal, R., Sheehan, A., Spencer, N.D.: Lubrication of Si-based tribopairs with a hydrophobic ionic liquid: the multiscale influence of water. J. Phys. Chem. C 122, 7331–7343 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11249-020-01323-8
Wen, P., Lei, Y., Li, W., Fan, M.: Synergy between covalent organic frameworks and surfactants to promote water-based lubrication and corrosion resistance. ACS Appl. Nano Mater. 3, 1400–1411 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.9b02198
Davis, B., Schueller, J.K., Huang, Y.: Study of ionic liquid as effective additive for minimum quantity lubrication during titanium machining. MFGLET 5, 1–6 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mfglet.2015.04.001
Pham, M.-Q., Yoon, H.-S., Khare, V., Ahn, S.-H.: Evaluation of ionic liquids as lubricants in micro milling—process capability and sustainability. J. Clean. Prod. 76, 167–173 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.04.055
Kajdas, C.: Additives for metalworking lubricants—a review. Lubr. Sci. 1, 385–409 (1989). https://doi.org/10.1002/ls.3010010406
Ye, C., Liu, W., Chen, Y., Yu, L.: Room-temperature ionic liquids: a novel versatile lubricant. Chem. Comm. (2001). https://doi.org/10.1039/B106935G
Jiménez, A.E., Bermúdez, M.D., Iglesias, P., Carrión, F.J., Martínez-Nicolás, G.: 1-N-alkyl -3-methylimidazolium ionic liquids as neat lubricants and lubricant additives in steel–aluminium contacts. Wear 260, 766–782 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2005.04.016
Amiril, S.A.S., Rahim, E.A., Syahrullail, S.: A review on ionic liquids as sustainable lubricants in manufacturing and engineering: recent research, performance, and applications. J. Clean. Prod. 168, 1571–1589 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.03.197
Bermúdez, M.-D., Jiménez, A.-E., Sanes, J., Carrión, F.-J.: Ionic liquids as advanced lubricant fluids. Molecules 14, 2888–2908 (2009). https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules14082888
Cooper, P.K., Wear, C.J., Li, H., Atkin, R.: Ionic liquid lubrication of stainless steel: friction is inversely correlated with interfacial liquid nanostructure. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 5, 11737–11743 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b03262
Zhou, F., Liang, Y., Liu, W.: Ionic liquid lubricants: designed chemistry for engineering applications. Chem. Soc. Rev. 38, 2590–2599 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1039/B817899M
Mu, L., Shi, Y., Guo, X., Wu, J., Ji, T., Chen, L., Feng, X., Lu, X., Hua, J., Zhu, J.: Enriching heteroelements in lignin as lubricating additives for bioionic liquids. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 4, 3877–3887 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.6b00669
Pejaković, V., Tomastik, C., Dörr, N., Kalin, M.: Influence of concentration and anion alkyl chain length on tribological properties of imidazolium sulfate ionic liquids as additives to glycerol in steel–steel contact lubrication. Tribol. Int. 97, 234–243 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2016.01.034
Cai, M., Liang, Y., Zhou, F., Liu, W.: A novel imidazolium salt with antioxidation and anticorrosion dual functionalities as the additive in poly(ethylene glycol) for steel/steel contacts. Wear 306, 197–208 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2012.09.001
Barnhill, W.C., Qu, J., Luo, H., Meyer, H.M., Ma, C., Chi, M., Papke, B.: Phosphonium-organophosphate ionic liquids as lubricant additives: effects of cation structure on physicochemical and tribological characteristics. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 6, 22585–22593 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1021/am506702u
Stump, B.C., Zhou, Y., Luo, H., Leonard, D.N., Viola, M.B., Qu, J.: New functionality of ionic liquids as lubricant additives: mitigating rolling contact fatigue. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 11, 30484–30492 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b10001
Naveed, T., Zahid, R., Mufti, R.A., Waqas, M., Hanif, M.T.: A review on tribological performance of ionic liquids as additives to bio lubricants. Proc Inst Mech Eng J: J Eng Tribol 235, 1782–1806 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1177/1350650120973805
Dong, R., Wen, P., Zhang, S., Zhang, C., Sun, W., Fan, M., Yang, D., Zhou, F., Liu, W.: The synthesis and tribological properties of dicarboxylic acid ionic liquids. Tribol. Int. 114, 132–140 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2017.04.012
Zheng, G., Zhang, G., Ding, T., Xiang, X., Li, F., Ren, T., Liu, S., Zheng, L.: Tribological properties and surface interaction of novel water-soluble ionic liquid in water-glycol. Tribol. Int. 116, 440–448 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2017.08.001
Khanmohammadi, H., Wijanarko, W., Espallargas, N.: Ionic liquids as additives in water-based lubricants: from surface adsorption to tribofilm formation. Tribol. Lett. 68, 130 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11249-020-01377-8
Li, Y., Zhang, S., Ding, Q., Feng, D., Qin, B., Hu, L.: The corrosion and lubrication properties of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole functionalized ionic liquids for bronze. Tribol. Int. 114, 121–131 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2017.04.022
Espinosa, T., Jiménez, M., Sanes, J., Jiménez, A.-E., Iglesias, M., Bermúdez, M.-D.: Ultra-low friction with a protic ionic liquid boundary film at the water-lubricated Sapphire-stainless steel interface. Tribol. Lett. 53, 1–9 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11249-013-0238-3
Liu, W., Ye, C., Gong, Q., Wang, H., Wang, P.: Tribological performance of room-temperature ionic liquids as lubricant. Tribol. Lett. 13, 81–85 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020148514877
Wang, H., Lu, Q., Ye, C., Liu, W., Cui, Z.: Friction and wear behaviors of ionic liquid of alkylimidazolium hexafluorophosphates as lubricants for steel/steel contact. Wear 256, 44–48 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1648(03)00255-2
Wang, Y., Yu, Q., Cai, M., Shi, L., Zhou, F., Liu, W.: Synergy of lithium salt and non-ionic surfactant for significantly improved tribological properties of water-based fluids. Tribol. Int. 113, 58–64 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2016.10.035
Paruch, K., Vyklický, L., Katz, T.J., Incarvito, C.D., Rheingold, A.L.: Expeditious procedure to synthesize ethers and esters of tri- and tetrahydroxy[6]helicenebisquinones from the Ddye-intermediates disodium 4-hydroxy- and 4,5-dihydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonates. J. Org. Chem. 65, 8774–8782 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1021/jo001356w
Gusain, R., Bakshi, P.S., Panda, S., Sharma, O.P., Gardas, R., Khatri, O.P.: Physicochemical and tribophysical properties of trioctylalkylammonium bis(salicylato)borate (N888n-BScB) ionic liquids: effect of alkyl chain length. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 19, 6433–6442 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1039/C6CP05990B
Matos, M., Lobo, A., Benito, J.M., Coca, J., Pazos, C.: Extending the useful life of metalworking fluids in a copper wire drawing industry by monitoring their functional properties. Tribol. Trans. 55, 685–692 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1080/10402004.2012.69458039
Khan, A., Sharma, O.P., Khatri, O.P.: Ionic liquids-based aqueous lubricants: emulsion stability to enhancement of surface wettability and tribological properties. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 60, 333–342 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.0c05046
Huang, G., Yu, Q., Cai, M., Zhou, F., Liu, W.: Highlighting the effect of interfacial interaction on tribological properties of supramolecular gel lubricants. Adv. Mater. Interfaces. 3, 1500489 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/admi.201500489
Seed, C.M., Acharya, B., Krim, J.: QCM study of tribotronic control in ionic liquids and nanoparticle suspensions. Tribol. Lett. 69, 83 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11249-021-01461-7
Krim, J.: Friction and energy dissipation mechanisms in adsorbed molecules and molecularly thin films. Adv. Phys. 61, 155–323 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1080/00018732.2012.706401
Huang, G., Yu, Q., Cai, M., Zhou, F., Liu, W.: Investigation of the lubricity and antiwear behavior of guanidinium ionic liquids at high temperature. Tribol. Int 114, 65–76 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2017.04.010
Kumara, C., Speed, L., Viola, M.B., Huo, H., Qu, J.: Using ionic liquid additive to enhance lubricating performance for low-viscosity engine oil. ACS Sust. Chem. Eng 9, 7198–7205 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.1c00745
Dong, R., Bao, L., Yu, Q., Wu, Y., Ma, Z., Zhang, J., Cai, M., Zhou, F., Liu, W.: Effect of electric potential and chain length on tribological performances of ionic liquids as additives for aqueous systems and molecular dynamics simulations. ACS Appl. Mater. Inter. 12, 39910–39919 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c11016
Yu, Q., Wang, Y., Huang, G., Ma, Z., Shi, Y., Cai, M., Zhou, F., Liu, W.: Task-specific oil-miscible ionic liquids lubricate steel/light metal alloy: a tribochemistry study. Adv. Mater. Interfaces 5, 1800791 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/admi.201800791
Qu, J., Barnhill, W.C., Luo, H., Meyer, H.M., III., Leonard, D.N., Landauer, A.K., Kheireddin, B., Gao, H., Papke, B.L., Dai, S.: Synergistic effects between phosphonium-alkylphosphate ionic liquids and zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP) as lubricant additives. Adv. Mater. 27, 4767–4774 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201502037
Maurya, U., Vasu, V., Kashinath, D.: Ionic liquid-nanoparticle-based hybrid-nanolubricant additives for potential enhancement of tribological properties of lubricants and their comparative study with ZDDP. Tribol. Lett. 70, 1–17 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11249-021-01551-6
Cai, M., Yu, Q., Zhou, F., Liu, W.: Physicochemistry aspects on frictional interfaces. Friction 5, 361–382 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40544-017-0191-5
Nakayama, K., Martin, J.M.: Tribochemical reactions at and in the vicinity of a sliding contact. Wear 261, 235–240 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2005.10.012
Guo, W., Zhou, Y., Sang, X., Leonard, D.N., Qu, J., Poplawsky, J.D.: Atom probe tomography unveils formation mechanisms of wear-protective tribofilms by ZDDP, ionic liquid, and their combination. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 9, 23152–23163 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b04719
Qu, J., Bansal, D.G., Yu, B., Howe, J.Y., Luo, H., Dai, S., Li, H., Blau, P.J., Bunting, B.G., Mordukhoxich, G., Smolenski, D.J.: Antiwear performance and mechanism of an oil-miscible ionic liquid as a lubricant additive. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 4, 997–1002 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1021/am201646k
Qu, J., Chi, M., Meyer, H.M., III., Blau, P.J., Dai, S., Luo, H.: Nanostructure and composition of tribo-boundary films formed in ionic liquid lubrication. Tribol. Lett. 43, 205–211 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11249-011-9800-z
Zhou, Y., Leonard, D.N., Guo, W., Qu, J.: Understanding tribofilm formation mechanisms in ionic liquid lubrication. Sci. Rep. 7, 1–8 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-09029-z
Acknowledgements
We greatly appreciate the finance funded by the NSFC (Grant No. 52175156 and 52105168), the science and technology project in Shaanxi (Grant No. 2021GY-157), the open project of State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication (Grant No. LSL-1812), the Scientific Research Foundation of Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory (Grant No. 19JS004) and the Shaanxi Provincial Education Department Foundation (Grant No. 21JP003).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors have not disclosed any competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wang, P., Gao, P., Ma, L. et al. Ionic Liquids Based on Chromotropic Acid: Excellent Lubricating Additives for Aqueous System. Tribol Lett 70, 56 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11249-022-01585-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11249-022-01585-4