Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Friction Characteristics and Topography of Tribofilms from Anti-Wear Additives Applied to Metal V-Belt Type CVT Fluids

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Tribology Letters Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This study has investigated potential links between tribological performance and the morphology of tribofilms formed from anti-wear additives with application to metal V-belt pushing type continuously variable transmission fluids (B-CVTFs). The influence of metal–metal tribological properties of anti-wear additives was evaluated using a ball on plate tribometer, enabling friction and lubricant film formation to be monitored during reciprocating tests. Contact mode atomic force microscopy was utilised to investigate the nature of tribofilms at the nanometre scale. As a result, an additive formulation composed of hydrogen phosphite and over-based calcium sulphonate in a hydro-cracked mineral Group II base oil demonstrated a synergism with 8% higher friction coefficient and more stable film formation than the individual additive cases, providing a positive outcome for a B-CVTF. Tribofilm species produced by a chemical reaction between hydrogen phosphite and over-based calcium sulphonate were densely deposited on the wear scar to form a rougher surface, which may explain the higher friction observed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Murakami, Y.: Half a century of automatic transmissions for vehicles. J. Jpn Soc. Tribol. 50–9, 665–670 (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  2. Caines, A.J., Haycock, R.F., Hillier, J.E.: Other lubricants for road vehicles. Automotive Lubricants Reference Book, 2nd edn, Chap. 7, pp. 277–294, Professional Engineering Publishing, London, ISBN 1-86058-471-3 (2004)

  3. Mitsui, H.: Trends and requirements of fluids for metal pushing belt type CVTs. J. Jpn Soc. Tribol. 45–6, 13–18 (2000)

    Google Scholar 

  4. Narita, K., Priest, M.: Metal-metal friction characteristics and the transmission efficiency of a metal V-belt type continuously variable transmission. Proc. Instn Mech. Eng. J: J. Eng. Tribol. 221(J1), 11–26 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Spikes, H.A.: History and mechanism of ZDDP. Tribol. Lett. 17–3, 469–489 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Fujita, H., Spikes, H.A.: The formation of zinc dithioophosphate antiwear film. Proc. Instn Mech. Eng. J: J. Eng. Tribol. 218, 265–277 (2004)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Bec, S., Tonck, A., Georges, J.M., Coy, R.C., Bell, J.C., Roper, G.W.: Relationship between mechanical properties and structures of Zinc dithiophosphate anti-wear films. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A455, 4181–4203 (1999)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  8. Yin, Z., Kasrai, M., Fuller, M., Bancroft, G.M., Fyfe, K., Colainanni, M.L., Tan, K.H.: Application of soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy in chemical characterization of antiwear films generated by ZDDP Part 1: the effects of physical parameters. Wear 202, 172–191 (1997)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Martin, J.M., Grossiord, C., Monge, T.L., Bec, S., Tonck, A.: The two-layer structure of Zndtp tribofilms. Part 1: AES, XPS and XANES analyses. Tribol. Int. 34, 523–530 (2001)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Bennet, P.A.: A surface effect associated with the use of oils contacting zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate. ASLE Trans. 2, 78–90 (1959)

    Google Scholar 

  11. Taylor, L., Spikes, H.A.: Friction-enhancing properties of ZDDP antiwear additive: Part 1—friction and morphology of ZDDP reaction films. Tribol. Trans. 46–3, 303–309 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Wada, H., Iwanami, I.: Xanes study on boundary lubrication films generated from belt-drive continuously variable transmission fluids. International Tribology Conference Kobe 2005 Book of Abstracts, Japanese Society of Tribologist, p. 319, ISBN 4-9900139-7-2 (2005)

  13. Pidduck, A.J., Smith, G.C.: Scanning probe microscopy of automotive anti-wear films. Wear 212, 254–264 (1997)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Warren, O.L., Graham, J.F., Norton, P.R., Houston, J.E., Michalske, T.A.: Nanomechanical properties of films derived from zinc dialkyldithiophosphate. Tribol. Lett. 4, 189–198 (1998)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Graham, J.F., McCague, C., Norton, P.R.: Topography and nanomechanical properties of tribochemical films derived from zinc dialkyl and diaryl dithiophosphates. Tribol. Lett. 6, 149–157 (1999)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Aktary, M., McDermott, M.T., McAlpine, G.A.: Morphology and nanomechanical properties of ZnDTP antiwear films as a function of tribological contact time. Tribol. Lett. 12–3, 155–162 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Topolovec Miklozic, K., Spikes, H.A.: Application of atomic force microscopy to the study of lubricant additive films. J. Tribol. 127, 405–415 (2005)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Demmou, K., Bec, S., Loubet, J.-L., Martin, J.M.: Temperature effects on mechanical properties of zinc dithiophosphate tribofilms. Tribol. Int. 39, 1558–1563 (2006)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Narita, K., Priest, M.: Boundary lubrication film formation from belt type CVT fluids. IPDS2006 Integrated Powertrain & Driveline Systems 2006, pp. 39–49. Woodhead Publishing in Mechanical Engineering, London (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  20. Furey, M.J.: Metallic contact and friction between sliding surfaces. ASLE Trans. 4, 1–11 (1961)

    Google Scholar 

  21. ILSAC.: ILSAC GF4 Standard for passenger Car Engine Oils. 14th January 2004

  22. Rounds, F.G.: Additive interactions and their effect on the performance of a Zinc dialkyldithiophosphate. ASLE Trans. 21–2, 91–101 (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  23. Topolovec, K., Forbus, T.R., Spikes, H.A.: The film-forming and friction properties of overbased calcium sulphonate detergents. Additives 2007 Applications for Future Transport Book of Abstracts, Royal Society of Chemistry, London, Abstract O6 (2007)

  24. Handbook of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, JOEL (1991)

  25. Fujihira, M., Akiyama, M.: Friction force microscope: Fundamentals and applications. J. Jpn Soc. Tribol. 51–10, 731–735 (2006)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Lubricants Research Laboratory, Idemitsu Kosan Co., Ltd, Ichihara-shi, Chiba, Japan

    K. Narita

  2. iETSI, School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK

    K. Narita & M. Priest

Authors
  1. K. Narita
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. M. Priest
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to K. Narita.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Narita, K., Priest, M. Friction Characteristics and Topography of Tribofilms from Anti-Wear Additives Applied to Metal V-Belt Type CVT Fluids. Tribol Lett 35, 45–56 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11249-009-9432-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11249-009-9432-8

Keywords

Search

Navigation