Abstract
RNA interference is an attractive strategy to fight against viral diseases by targeting the mRNA of viral genes. Most studies have reported the transient delivery of small interfering RNA or small hairpin (shRNA) expression constructs. Here, we present the production of transgenic mice stably expressing shRNA or miRNA targeting the IE180 mRNA (immediate early gene) of the pseudorabies virus (PRV) which infects mice and farm animals. We firstly designed non-retroviral shRNA or miRNA expression vectors. Secondly, we selected the most efficient shRNA construct that targeted either the 5′part or 3′UTR of the IE mRNA and was able to knockdown the target gene expression in cultured cells, by measuring systematically the shRNA content and comparing this with the interfering effects. We then produced four lines of transgenic mice expressing different amounts of shRNA or miRNA in the brain but without signs of stimulation of innate immunity. Lastly, we tested their resistance to PRV infection. In all transgenic lines, we observed a significant resistance to viral challenge, the best being achieved with the shRNA construct targeting the 3′UTR of the IE gene. Viral DNA levels in the brains of infected mice were always lower in transgenic mice, even in animals that did not survive. Finally, this work reports an effective strategy to generate transgenic animals producing shRNA from non-retroviral expression vectors. Moreover, these mice are the first transgenic animal models producing shRNA with a significant antiviral effect but without any apparent shRNA toxicity.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Attal J, Theron MC, Kann G, Bolifraud P, Puissant C, Houdebine LM (2000) The stimulation of gene expression by the R region from HTLV-1 and BLV. J Biotechnol 77:179–189
Brittle EE, Reynolds AE, Enquist L (2004) Two modes of pseudorabies virus neuroinvasion and lethality in Mice. J Virol 78:12951–12963
Chen W, Liu M, Jiao Y, Yan W, Wei X, Chen J, Fei L, Liu Y, Zuo X, Yang F, Lu Y, Zheng Z (2006) Adenovirus-mediated RNA interference against foot-and-mouth disease virus infection both in vitro and in vivo. J Virol 80:3559–3566
Chen M, Payne W, Dunn J, Chang S, Zhang H, Hunt H, Dodgson J (2009) Retroviral delivery of RNA interference against Marek’s disease virus in vivo. Poult Sci 88:1373–1380
Chomczynski P, Sacchi N (1987) Single-step method of RNA isolation by acid guanidinium thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform extraction. Anal Biochem 162:156–159
Davidson BL, McCray PB (2011) Current prospects for RNA interference-based therapies. Nat Rev Genet 12:329–340
Dieckhoff B, Petersen B, Kues WA, Kurth R, Niemann H, Denner J (2008) Knockdown of porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV) expression by PERV-specific shRNA in transgenic pigs. Xenotransplantation 15:36–45
Dimitrova M, Affolter C, Meyer F, Nguyen I, Richard DG, Schuster C, Bartenschlager R, Voegel J-C, Ogier J, Baumert TF (2008) Sustained delivery of siRNAs targeting viral infection by cell-degradable multilayered polyelectrolyte films. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105:16320–16325
Feng Z, Jiang P, Wang X, Li Y, Jiang W (2008) Adenovirus-mediated shRNA interference against porcine circovirus type 2 replication both in vitro and in vivo. Antiviral Res 77:186–194
Flori L, Rogel-Gaillard C, Cochet M, Lemonnier G, Hugot K, Chardon P, Robin S, Lefèvre F (2008) Transcriptomic analysis of the dialogue between Pseudorabies virus and porcine epithelial cells during infection. BMC Genomics 9:123
Gallina L, Pozzo Dal, Mc Innes C, Cardeti G, Guercio A, Battilani M, Ciulli S, Scagliarini A (2006) A real time PCR assay for the detection and quantification of orf virus. J Virol Methods 134:140–145
Ge Q, Filip L, Bai A, Nguyen T, Eisen HN, Chen J (2004) Inhibition of influenza virus production in virus-infected mice by RNA interference. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:8676–8681
Geiss G, Jin G, Guo J, Bumgarner R, Katze MG, Sen GC (2001) A comprehensive view of regulation of gene expression by double-stranded RNA-mediated cell signaling. J Biol Chem 276:30178–30182
Haasnoot J, Westerhout EM, Berkhout B (2007) RNA interference against viruses: strike and counterstrike. Nat Biotech 25:1435–1443
Hung C-F, Lu K-C, Cheng T-L, Wu R-H, Huang L-Y, Teng C-F, Chang W-T (2006) A novel siRNA validation system for functional screening and identification of effective RNAi probes in mammalian cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 346:707–720
Jackson AL, Burchard J, Schelter J, Chau BN, Cleary M, Lim L, Linsley PS (2006) Widespread siRNA “off-target” transcript silencing mediated by seed region sequence complementarity. RNA 12:1179–1187
Jagdeece R, Todd V, Suyapa B, Michael M, Jeff M, Peter J, Amy V, Jane D, Kevin W, David A (2009) Production of transgenic pigs that express porcine endogenous retrovirus small interfering RNAs. Xenotransplantation 16:164–180
Keck K, Volper EM, Spengler RM, Long DD, Chan CY, Ding Y, McCaffrey AP (2009) Rational design leads to more potent RNA interference against hepatitis B virus: factors effecting silencing efficiency. Mol Ther 17:538–547
Kumar P, Ban H-S, Kim S-S, Wu H, Pearson T, Greiner DL, Laouar A, Yao J, Haridas V, Habiro K, Yang Y-G, Jeong J-H, Lee K-Y, Kim Y-H, Kim SW, Peipp M, Fey GH, Manjunath N, Shultz LD, Lee S-K, Shankar P (2008) T cell-specific siRNA delivery suppresses HIV-1 infection in humanized mice. Cell 134:577–586
Li L, Lin X, Khvorova A, Fesik SW, Shen Y (2007) Defining the optimal parameters for hairpin-based knockdown constructs. RNA 13:1765–1774
Li G, Jiang P, Li Y, Wang X, Huang J, Bai J, Cao J, Wu B, Chen N, Zeshan B (2009) Inhibition of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus replication by adenovirus-mediated RNA interference both in porcine alveolar macrophages and swine. Antiviral Res 82:157–165
Liu YP, Haasnoot J, Berkhout B (2007) Design of extended short hairpin RNAs for HIV-1 inhibition. Nucleic Acids Res 35:5683–5693
Lu ZJ, Mathews DH (2008) OligoWalk: an online siRNA design tool utilizing hybridization thermodynamics. Nucl Acids Res 36:W104–W108
Lyall J, Irvine RM, Sherman A, McKinley TJ, Núñez A, Purdie A, Outtrim L, Brown IH, Rolleston-Smith G, Sang H, Tiley L (2011) Suppression of avian influenza transmission in genetically modified chickens. Science 331:223–226
Pacca C, Severino A, Mondini A, Rahal P, D’avila S, Cordeiro J, Nogueira M, Bronzoni R, Nogueira M (2009) RNA interference inhibits yellow fever virus replication in vitro and in vivo. Virus Genes 38:224–231
Pan J, Wang X, Ren J (2009) Long-term RNA interference and its application to hepatitis B virus. J Dig Dis 10:165–171
Pengyan W, Yan R, Zhiru G, Chuangfu C (2008) Inhibition of foot-and-mouth disease virus replication in vitro and in vivo by small interfering RNA. Virol J 5:86
Pengyan W, Jianjun J, Ning L, Jinliang S, Yan R, Chuangfu C, Zhiru G (2010) Transgenic mouse model integrating siRNA targeting the foot and mouse disease virus. Antiviral Res 87:265–268
Pomeranz LE, Reynolds AE, Hengartner CJ (2005) Molecular biology of pseudorabies virus: impact on neurovirology and veterinary medicine. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 69:462–500
Riteau B, De Vaureix C, Lefèvre F (2006) Trypsin increases pseudorabies virus production through activation of the ERK 1/2 signaling pathway. J Gen Virol 87:1109–1112
Rival-Gervier S, Pantano T, Viglietta Cl, Maeder C, Prince S, Attal J, Jolivet Gv, Houdebine L-M (2003) The insulator effect of the 5HS4 region from the β-globin chicken locus on the rabbit WAP gene promoter activity in transgenic mice. Transgenic Res 12:723–730
Robbins MA, Li M, Leung I, Li H, Boyer DV, Song Y, Behlke MA, Rossi JJ (2006) Stable expression of shRNAs in human CD34 + progenitor cells can avoid induction of interferon responses to siRNAs in vitro. Nat Biotech 24:566–571
Robbins M, Judge A, MacLachlan I (2009) siRNA and innate immunity. Oligonucleotides 19:89–102
Shi R, Chiang V (2005) Facile means for quantifying microRNA expression by real-time PCR. Biotechniques 39:519–525
Sioud M (2010) Recent advances in small interfering RNA sensing by the immune system. N Biotechnol 27:236–242
Tompkins SM, Lo C-Y, Tumpey TM, Epstein SL (2004) Protection against lethal influenza virus challenge by RNA interference in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:8682–8686
Uprichard SL, Boyd B, Althage A, Chisari FV (2005) Clearance of hepatitis B virus from the liver of transgenic mice by short hairpin RNAs. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:773–778
Wise T, Schafer D, Lowenthal J, Doran T (2008) The use of RNAi and transgenics to develop viral disease resistant livestock. Dev Biol (Basel) 132:377–382
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank Sonia Prince (Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, INRA, Jouy-en-Josas, France), Blandine Barbier, Laetitia Guedeville and Alice Beillevaire (Infectiologie Expérimentale des Rongeurs et Poissons, INRA, Jouy-en-Josas, France) for their excellent care of the animals and Christiane de Vaureix (Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaire, INRA, Jouy-en-Josas) for viral stock production and titration. We thank Jean-Luc Vilotte and Hubert Laude for their valuable comments on the manuscript and V Hawken for the rereading of the manuscript. This work was supported by the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR-05-GANI-02, Vecteurs shRNA).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Nathalie Daniel-Carlier and Ashraf Sawafta contributed equally to this work.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Daniel-Carlier, N., Sawafta, A., Passet, B. et al. Viral infection resistance conferred on mice by siRNA transgenesis. Transgenic Res 22, 489–500 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11248-012-9649-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11248-012-9649-4