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Box–Behnken Design to Optimize Herbicide Decomposition Using an Eco-Friendly Photocatalyst Based on Carbon Dots from Coffee Waste Combined with ZnBi2O4 and Its Antibacterial Application

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Abstract

A Box–Behnken design (BBD) for a response surface methodology with five factors and three levels was applied to design 2,4-D degradation experiments under visible light. To optimize the experimental conditions, the five factors included the amount of Cdots in a Cdots (x%)-ZnBi2O4 catalyst (x = 0–2%), the decomposition time (90–120 min), the initial 2,4-D concentration (30–40 mg/L), the catalyst dosage (0.5–1.5 mg/L), and the pH (2–7), and these were selected as independent variables. The BBD method proposed a second-order polynomial equation that fitted the experimental data perfectly. The results of the analysis of variance (ANOVA) confirmed the appropriateness of the proposed model, resulting in the relationship between the predicted and adjusted values having an R2 value of 0.9980. The optimal conditions for the photodecomposition of 2,4-D were found to be an initial 2,4-D concentration of 30 mg/L, a degradation time of 120 min, a Cdots(2%)-ZnBi2O4 dosage of 1.0 mg/L, and a pH of 4.0. Under these conditions, the highest 2,4-D photodecomposition of 91.1% was obtained, which was in reasonable agreement with the predicted value of 91.67%. After 6 consecutive reaction cycles, the photodecomposition efficiency still exceeded 81%. The results confirmed that the Cdots(2%)-ZnBi2O4 photocatalyst has excellent reusability. Moreover, the lowest concentration of Cdots(2%)-ZnBi2O4 that inhibited the growth of E. coli (ATCC 8793) and S. aureus (ATCC 6538) was 150 µg/mL, with an inhibition zone of 18–19 nm for E coli and about 15 mm for S. aureus.

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Data Availability

The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.

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Acknowledgements

This work is supported by Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST) under grant number THTETN.08/23-24.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam

    Nguyen Thi Thanh Huong, Dang Nguyen Nha Khanh, Le Hai Khoa & Nguyen Thi Kim Phuong

  2. Institute of Applied Materials Science, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam

    Ngo Thi Tuong Vy, Nguyen Ngoc Nghia & Nguyen Thi Kim Phuong

  3. Institute for Tropical Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam

    Le Hai Khoa

  4. Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam

    Nguyen Thi Thanh Huong

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  1. Nguyen Thi Thanh Huong
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  2. Dang Nguyen Nha Khanh
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Contributions

Nguyen Thi Thanh Huong: investigation, visualization, writing-original draft. Dang Nguyen Nha Khanh, Ngo Thi Tuong Vy, Le Hai Khoa: validation, investigation. Nguyen Ngoc Nghia: conceptualization, writing-original draft. Nguyen Thi Kim Phuong: conceptualization, supervision, writing-review and editing. All authors read, commented, and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Nguyen Ngoc Nghia or Nguyen Thi Kim Phuong.

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Huong, N.T.T., Khanh, D.N.N., Vy, N.T.T. et al. Box–Behnken Design to Optimize Herbicide Decomposition Using an Eco-Friendly Photocatalyst Based on Carbon Dots from Coffee Waste Combined with ZnBi2O4 and Its Antibacterial Application. Top Catal (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11244-024-01934-8

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