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Polymeric g-C3N4 Derived from the Mixture of Dicyandiamide and Mushroom Waste for Photocatalytic Degradation of Methyl Blue

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Abstract

Metal-free, visible light-responsive, carbon-based graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) is a well-known photocatalyst. It is necessary to develop a g-C3N4 for use as a photocatalyst in a green, economically viable, and effective manner. In this study, a waste-derived g-C3N4 was successfully prepared from the mixture of dicyandiamide (DICY) and mushroom waste (MW). The waste-derived g-C3N4 (1MDCN) exhibited enhanced photocatalytic activity compared to the conventional dicyandiamide-derived g-C3N4 for the degradation of an azo dye, methyl blue (MB), which is a most commonly used dye in the pharmaceutical industry. Under visible light irradiation, the improved activity could be attributed to its greater graphitic degree and fewer pyrrolic-N forming repeated tri-s-triazine units oriented along the [100] plane, which was evidenced by high-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. In addition, the waste-derived g-C3N4 in this study is less harmful and exhibited good cell viability for Chinese hamster ovary cells, with over 50% of the cells surviving, whereas more than 85% of the cells were killed using melamine-derived g-C3N4 at a concentration of 1000 μg mL−1. The present study shows that g-C3N4 derived from the mixture of DICY and MW can be a harmless, economically viable, and effective photocatalyst for environmental remediation.

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Acknowledgements

This research was supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan (MOST 107-2221-E-033-032-MY3, 108-2221-E-033-034-MY3).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemical Engineering, R&D Center for Membrane Technology and Luh Hwa Research for Circular Economy, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chungli Dist., Taoyüan City, 32023, Taiwan

    Hung-Chun Yang, Miao-Ting Liu & Chechia Hu

  2. Department of Bioscience Technology, Center for Nano Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chungli Dist., Taoyüan City, 32023, Taiwan

    Ming-Wei Chao

  3. Department of Industrial Chemistry, Tokyo University of Science, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8601, Japan

    Ke-Hsuan Wang

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  1. Hung-Chun Yang
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Yang, HC., Liu, MT., Chao, MW. et al. Polymeric g-C3N4 Derived from the Mixture of Dicyandiamide and Mushroom Waste for Photocatalytic Degradation of Methyl Blue. Top Catal 63, 1182–1192 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11244-020-01237-8

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