Abstract
A deterministic real-time communication is required by the effective management of physical processes in Cyber Physical Systems including industrial automation, in-vehicle and avionic communication platforms. IEEE 802.1 Time Sensitive Networking (TSN) task group is the leading organization that aims to standardize Ethernet-based deterministic communication technologies. In this paper, a Multi-Topology Routing (MTR)-based traffic optimization approach is developed for the route planning of AVB streams in a TSN network with mixed-criticality support using the GRASP meta-heuristic. MTR was standardized by IETF as extensions to OSPF and IS-IS, and supports virtual topologies which have the same network graph as the physical topology, but with different link weights. Thanks to the diverse forwarding capabilities provided by the MTR concept, experimental results show that our approach significantly improves the schedulability of AVB streams in the majority of the scenarios compared to the other approaches in the literature.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Atallah AA, Hamad GB, Mohamed OA (2020) Routing and scheduling of time-triggered traffic in time-sensitive networks. IEEE Trans Ind Inform 16(7):4525–4534. https://doi.org/10.1109/TII.2019.2950887
Bae S, Henderson TR (2007) Traffic engineering with ospf multi-topology routing. In: MILCOM 2007-IEEE military communications conference, pp 1–7, https://doi.org/10.1109/MILCOM.2007.4455230
Craciunas SS, Oliver RS, Chmelík M, et al (2016) Scheduling real-time communication in IEEE 802.1qbv time sensitive networks. 24th international conference on real-time networks and systems (RTNS ’16)
Farhoudi M, Abrishamchi B, Mihailovic A et al (2018) Analysis of practical aspects of multi-plane routing-based load balancing approach for future link-state convergent all-ip access networks. IEEE Trans Mobile Comput 17(4):803–816. https://doi.org/10.1109/TMC.2017.2741479
Finzi A, Oliver RS (2022) General framework for routing, scheduling and formal timing analysis in deterministic time-aware networks. In: Maggio M (ed) 34th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems, ECRTS 2022, July 5–8, 2022, Modena, LIPIcs, vol 231. Schloss Dagstuhl-Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik, pp 8:1–8:23, https://doi.org/10.4230/LIPIcs.ECRTS.2022.8
Fortz B, Thorup M (2000) Internet traffic engineering by optimizing ospf weights. In: Proceedings IEEE INFOCOM 2000. Conference on Computer Communications. Nineteenth Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies (Cat. No.00CH37064), pp 519–528 vol. 2, https://doi.org/10.1109/INFCOM.2000.832225
Gavriluţ V, Zhao L, Raagaard ML, et al (2018) Avb-aware routing and scheduling of time-triggered traffic for tsn. IEEE Access 6:75,229–75,243. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2883644
Gavriluţ V, Pop P (2020) Traffic-type assignment for tsn-based mixed-criticality cyber-physical systems. ACM Trans Cyber-Phys Syst 4(2). https://doi.org/10.1145/3371708
Gavrilut V, Zarrin B, Pop P, et al (2017) Fault-tolerant topology and routing synthesis for ieee time-sensitive networking. In: Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Real-Time Networks and Systems, United States, https://doi.org/10.1145/3139258.3139284
He Q, Zeng Q, Tang X (2011) Research and implement on industry control networks based on embedded sercos-iii protocol
Huang Y, Wang S, Huang T, et al (2021) Online routing and scheduling for time-sensitive networks. IEEE 41st International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS)
Kleines H, Detert S, Drochner M et al (2008) Performance aspects of profinet io. IEEE Trans Nuclear Sci 55(1):290–294. https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2007.914032
Kvalbein A, Lysne O (2007) How can multi-topology routing be used for intradomain traffic engineering? In: Proceedings of the 2007 SIGCOMM Workshop on Internet Network Management. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, INM ’07, pp 280–284, https://doi.org/10.1145/1321753.1321766
Kvalbein A, Čičić T, Lysne O, et al (2009) Multiple routing configurations for fast ip network recovery. IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking 17(2):473-486. https://doi.org/10.1145/1552193.1552202
Lan T, Li H, Wu Q, et al (2021) Exploiting path diversity to increase system performance in mega-constellations. In: 2021 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC), pp 1–7, https://doi.org/10.1109/WCNC49053.2021.9417465
Laursen SM, Pop P, Steiner W (2016) Routing optimization of avb streams in tsn networks. ACM SIGBED Rev 13(4):43–48. https://doi.org/10.1145/3015037.3015044
Mirzamany E, Lasebae A, Gemikonakli O (2014) An efficient traffic engineering based on multi-topology routing for future internet. Comput Netw 70:170–178
Nayak NG, Dürr F, Rothermel K (2018) Routing algorithms for ieee802.1qbv networks. SIGBED Rev. 15
Neumann P (2007) Communication in industrial automation-what is going on? Control Eng Pract 15(11):1332–1347
Ojewale MA, Yomsi PM, Nikolić B (2020) Multi-level preemption in tsn: Feasibility and requirements analysis. 2020 IEEE 23rd International Symposium on Real-Time Distributed Computing (ISORC)
Pahlevan M, Tabassam N, Obermaisser R (2019) Heuristic list scheduler for time triggered traffic in time sensitive networks. SIGBED Rev 16(1):15–20. https://doi.org/10.1145/3314206.3314208
Pop P, Raagard ML, Craciunas SS et al (2016) Design optimisation of cyber-physical distributed systems using ieee time-sensitive networks. IET Cyber-Phys Syst Theory Appl 1(1):86–94. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-cps.2016.0021
Przygienda T, Shen N, Sheth N (2008) M-isis: Multi topology (mt) routing in intermediate system to intermediate systems (is-iss). RFC 5120
Psenak P, Mirtorabi S, Roy A, et al (2007) Multi-topology (mt) routing in ospf. RFC 4915
Raagard ML, Pop P (2017) Optimization algorithms for the scheduling of IEEE 802.1 time-sensitive networking (tsn). Tech. rep., Tech. Univ.,
Reusch N, Zhao L, Craciunas SS, et al (2020) Window-based schedule synthesis for industrial ieee 802.1qbv tsn networks. In: 2020 16th IEEE International Conference on Factory Communication Systems (WFCS), pp 1–4, https://doi.org/10.1109/WFCS47810.2020.9114414
SAE (2011) As6802: Time-triggered ethernet. Tech. rep
Specht J, Samii S (2017) Synthesis of queue and priority assignment for asynchronous traffic shaping in switched ethernet. 2017 IEEE Real-Time Systems Symposium (RTSS)
Valiant LG (1979) The complexity of enumeration and reliability problems. SIAM J Comput 8(3):410–421. https://doi.org/10.1137/0208032
Van Mieghem P, Van Langen S (2005) Influence of the link weight structure on the shortest path. Phys Rev E 71(056):113. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.71.056113
Wang N, Ho KH, Pavlou G (2012) Ample: an adaptive traffic engineering system based on virtual routing topologies. IIEEE Commun Mag 50(3):185–191. https://doi.org/10.1109/MCOM.2012.6163600
Yen JY (1971) Finding the k shortest loopless paths in a network. Manag Sci 17(11):712–716
Zara C (2018) Routing algorithms for real-time traffic on ieee 802.1 time- sensitive networking. M.S. thesis, DTU Compute, Tech. Univ.
Zhao L, Pop P, Craciunas SS (2018) Worst-case latency analysis for IEEE 802.1qbv time sensitive networks using network calculus. IEEE Access 6:41,803–41,815. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2858767
Zheng Z, He F, Xiong H (2020) Routing optimization of time-triggered ethernet based on genetic algorithm. In: 2020 AIAA/IEEE 39th Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC), pp 1–8, https://doi.org/10.1109/DASC50938.2020.9256594
Funding
The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors did not receive support from any organization for the submitted work.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Demir, Ö.K., Cevher, S. Multi-Topology Routing based traffic optimization for IEEE 802.1 Time Sensitive Networking. Real-Time Syst 59, 123–159 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11241-023-09394-1
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11241-023-09394-1