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The papaya CpAUX1/LAX and CpPIN genes: structure, phylogeny and expression analysis related to root formation on in vitro plantlets

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Abstract

Carica papaya L. plantlets, normally exhibit low rooting capacity when cultured in vitro. It has been suggested in other species that auxin concentration at root tissues, is the result of a reflux system driven by auxin influx transporters (AIT; AUX1/LAX) and auxin efflux transporters (AET; PIN), that regulates the mechanism of initiation and development of lateral roots. Therefore, in the present paper, we studied the structure, phylogeny and the expression patterns of the whole family of AIT and AET in C. papaya, and their possible relation with the limited capacity to generate adventitious roots of in vitro cultured papaya plantlets. We found 4 AUX1/LAX genes (CpAUX1, CpLAX1, CpLAX2, CpLAX3) and 6 PIN genes (CpPIN1, CpPIN2, CpPIN3, CpPIN4, CpPIN5, CpPIN6) within the genome of C. papaya. The expression patterns and levels of those genes were studied in stem-base and root tissues from C. papaya cv. Maradol plants under four different treatments: (1) in vitro plantlets without IBA (that did not generate roots), (2) in vitro plantlets treated with 2 mg L−1 IBA (that did generate roots), (3) de-rooted seedlings treated with the same concentration of IBA (that also generated adventitious roots), and (4) intact seedlings used as controls. Histological studies made on the stem base and root tissues from all treatments showed that the IBA-induced roots were histologically equivalent, to those naturally formed in intact seedlings. In vitro plantlets non-treated with IBA had low expression of all auxin transporters genes in stem-base tissues and they were unable to produce roots. On the contrary, in vitro plantlets treated with IBA experienced a marked increase in the expression of most auxin transporters genes, in particular of CpLAX3 and CpPIN2, and they were capable to produce roots. Those roots generated in the IBA-treated in vitro plantlets, showed expression levels and patterns of auxin transporter genes, equivalent to those shown in both, the IBA-treated de-rooted seedlings, and in the naturally formed roots from intact seedlings.

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Abbreviations

AET:

Auxin efflux transporters

AIT:

Auxin influx transporters

AUX1/LAX:

AIT genes

IAA:

Indole-acetic acid

IBA:

Indole-3-butyric acid

L:

Leaf

LD:

Long-distance

NAA:

1-Naphthaleneacetic acid

PAT:

Polar auxin transport

PIN:

AET genes

PPFD:

Photosynthetic photon flux density

REL:

Relative expression levels

RH:

Relative humidity

R:

Root

SB:

Stem-base

SD:

Short-distance

T:

Temperature

2,4-D:

2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid

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Acknowledgments

This work was funded by CONACYT, México (Project No. CB155356). H.E.M. acknowledges a scholarship (254647) granted by CONACYT.

Author contribution

E.M.H., First author, PhD student, performed the gene expression studies and the bioinformatic analysis; E.M.H., F.O.G., C.L.A., I.E.F. and R.Z.L. contributed to the writing of the paper; F.O.G. and I.E.F., supervision on the expression and bioinformatics analysis; C.L.A., Assisted in the gene expression studies; C.T.M. and E.G.F., Assisted in the tissue culture work, including the experimental set up for root induction; B.P.F., Responsible of the anatomical studies; S.J.M., Corresponding author. General conception of the project. Design of the experimental strategy, responsible for the writing of the paper.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43 No. 130, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, CP 97200, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico

    Humberto Estrella-Maldonado, Gabriela Fuentes Ortíz, Arianna C. Chan León, Luis C. Rodríguez Zapata, Carlos Talavera May, Francisco Espadas y Gil, Felipe Barredo Pool & Jorge M. Santamaría

  2. Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias Agropecuarias FICA, Centro de Investigación, Estudios y Desarrollo de Ingenierías CIEDI, Universidad de las Américas, Calle José Queri s/n entre Av. Granados y Av. Eloy Alfaro, Quito, Ecuador

    Fabio Marcelo Idrovo Espín

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  1. Humberto Estrella-Maldonado
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  2. Gabriela Fuentes Ortíz
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  3. Arianna C. Chan León
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  4. Luis C. Rodríguez Zapata
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  5. Carlos Talavera May
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  6. Francisco Espadas y Gil
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  7. Felipe Barredo Pool
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  8. Fabio Marcelo Idrovo Espín
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  9. Jorge M. Santamaría
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jorge M. Santamaría.

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The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest and the presented work is compliant with ethical standards of PCTOC. All the authors read and approved the manuscript in its final form.

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Estrella-Maldonado, H., Fuentes Ortíz, G., Chan León, A.C. et al. The papaya CpAUX1/LAX and CpPIN genes: structure, phylogeny and expression analysis related to root formation on in vitro plantlets. Plant Cell Tiss Organ Cult 126, 187–204 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-016-0989-2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-016-0989-2

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