Abstract
This paper proposes a novel model of the input impedance of a circular-loop antenna based on wave equations. A circular-loop antenna is equivalent to uniform parallel double wires with losses and a short circuit load. The characteristic impedance, the propagation coefficient and the inductance, capacitance and resistance per unit length of the uniform parallel double wires with losses can first be expressed as closed solutions, and the mathematical model of the input impedance of the circular-loop antenna can then be derived naturally from the wave equations. Comparison of the data curve from this model with curves from simulations and experiments show that they are similar; however, some discrepancies are observed, and are attributed to the estimation error of the radiation resistance of the circular-loop antenna. As long as the circular-loop antenna is made from an isotropic material and its size remains uniform, the equivalent method is valid electrically for both small- and large-sized circular-loop antennas.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Keil, B. & Kilian, T. (2000). Developing an automatic inductive fuze setter for crusader. Proceedings of 44th Annual Fuze Conference.
Yu, B., Kim, S.-J., & Jung, B. (2007). RFID tag antenna using two-shorted microstrip patches mountable on metallic objects. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, 49(2), 414–416.
Gheethan, A. A., Herzig, P. A., & Gokhan, M. (2013). Compact 2 x 2 coupled double loop GPS antenna array loaded with broadside coupled split ring resonators. IEEE Transactions on Antenna and Propagation, 61(6), 3000–3008.
Winters, J. H. (1998). Smart antennas for wireless systems. IEEE Personal Communication, 5(1), 23–27.
Chi, Y.-W., & Wong, K.-L. (2008). Compact multiband folded loop chip antenna for small-size mobile phone. IEEE Transactions on Antenna and Propagation, 56(12), 3797–3803.
Chi, Y.-W., & Wong, K.-L. (2009). Quarter-wavelength printed loop antenna with an internal printed matching circuit for GSM/DCS/PCS/UMTS operation in the mobile phone. IEEE Transactions on Antenna and Propagation, 57(9), 2541–2547.
Wong, K.-L., & Huang, C.-H. (2008). Printed loop antenna with a perpendicular feed for penta-band mobile phone application. IEEE Transactions on Antenna and Propagation, 56(7), 2138–2141.
Yaghjian, A. D., & Best, S. R. (2005). Impedance, bandwidth, and Q of antennas. IEEE Transactions on Antenna and Propagation, 53(4), 1298–1324.
Mosallaei, H., & Sarabandi, K. (2007). Design and modeling of patch antenna printed on magneto-dielectric embedded-circuit metasubstrate. IEEE Transactions on Antenna and Propagation, 55(1), 45–52.
Chi, Y.-W., & Wong, K.-L. (2007). Internal compact dual-band printed loop antenna for mobile phone application. IEEE Transactions on Antenna and Propagation, 55(5), 1458–1462.
Su, S.-W. (2014). Compact four-loop-antenna system for concurrent, 2.4-and 5-GHz WLAN operation. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, 56(1), 208–215.
Chi, Y.-W., & Wong, K.-L. (2008). Compact multiband folded loop chip antenna for small-size mobile phone. IEEE Transactions on Antenna and Propagation, 56(12), 3797–3803.
Chi, Y.-W., & Wong, K.-L. (2009). Quarter-wavelength printed loop antenna with an internal printed matching circuit for GSM/DCS/PCS/UMTS operation in the mobile phone. IEEE Transactions on Antenna and Propagation, 57(9), 2541–2547.
Chi, Y.-W., & Wong, K.-L. (2009). Very-small-size printed loop antenna for GSM/ /DCS/PCS/UMTS operation in the mobile phone. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, 51(1), 184–192.
Chi, Y.-W., & Wong, K.-L. (2007). Internal compact dual-band printed loop antenna for mobile phone application. IEEE Transactions on Antenna and Propagation, 55(5), 1457–1462.
Wong, K.-L., Chen, W.-Y., & Kang, T.-W. (2011). On-board printed coupled-fed loop antenna in close proximity to the surrounding ground plane for penta-band WWAN mobile phone. IEEE Transactions on Antenna and Propagation, 59(3), 751–757.
Xing, Z. J., Zhang, Z. L., Wei, K., & Xu, J. D. (2014). One terminal improving method of open-circuit near-field antenna of UHF RFID system. Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Application, 28(3), 306–315.
Wong, K.-L., & Chen, M.-T. (2013). Small-size LTE/WWAN printed loop antenna with an inductively coupled branch strip for bandwidth enhancement in the tablet computer. IEEE Transactions on Antenna and Propagation, 61(12), 6144–6151.
Noguchi, A., & Hiroyuki, A. (2013). Small loop antenna and rectenna for RF energy harvesting in FM bands. IEICE Transaction on Electronics, E96C(10), 1319–1321.
Liu, Y., Kim, H.-H., & Kim, H. (2013). Loop-type ground radiation antenna for dual-band WLAN applications. IEEE Transactions on Antenna and Propagation, 61(9), 4819–4823.
Hamed, S. M. A., & Bashir, S. O. (2013). New fields expressions of a traveling wave circular loop antenna. 2013 International Conference on Computing, Electrical and Electronic Engineering (ICCEEE) (pp. 300–305).
Jensen, M. A., & Rahmat-Samii, Y. (1994). Performance analysis of antennas for hand-held transceivers using FDTD. IEEE Transactions on Antenna and Propagation, 42(8), 1106–1113.
Tretyakov, S. A., Mariotte, F., & Simovski, C. R. (1996). Analytical antenna model for chiral scatterers: Comparison with numerical and experimental data. IEEE Transactions on Antenna and Propagation, 44(7), 1006–1014.
Werner, D. H. (1996). An exact integration procedure for vector potentials of thin circular loop antennas. IEEE Transactions on Antenna and Propagation, 44(2), 157–165.
Hamed, S. M. A. (2013). Exact field expressions for circular loop antennas using spherical functions expansion. IEEE Transactions on Antenna and Propagation, 61(6), 2956–2963.
Hamed, S. M. A., & Bashir, S. O. (2013). Characteristics of a circular loop antenna in the presence of a coaxial conducting BOR attached to a planar reflector. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 12, 793–796.
Chi, Y.-W., & Wong, K.-L. (2009). Very-small-size folded loop antenna with a band-stop matching circuit for WWAN operation in the mobile phone. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, 51(3), 808–814.
Hamed, S. M. A. (2013). Exact field expressions for circular loop antennas using spherical functions expansion. IEEE Transactions on Antenna and Propagation, 61(6), 2956–2963.
Song, Z., Zhang, J., & Huang, Z. (2011). Antenna and propagation. Xian: Xi’an Electronic and Science University Press.
Wolff, E. A., & Kaul, R. (1998). Microwave engineering and systems applications. New York: Wiley.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Yang, Y., Zeng, Y. & Chen, Q. Model of input impedance of a circular-loop antenna. Telecommun Syst 65, 331–337 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11235-016-0234-7
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11235-016-0234-7