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New species of Plagioporus Stafford, 1904 (Digenea: Opecoelidae) from California, with an amendment of the genus and a phylogeny of freshwater plagioporines of the Holarctic

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Abstract

Plagioporus hageli n. sp. is described from the intestine of Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum) collected from the River Yuba, California, USA. Of the accepted, nominal species of Plagioporus Stafford, 1904 from the Nearctic, the new species is morphologically similar to three intestinal species from the western USA parasitising diadromous fishes, including Plagioporus shawi (McIntosh, 1939), Plagioporus kolipinskii Tracey, Choudhury, Cheng & Ghosh, 2009 and Plagioporus siliculus Sinitsin, 1931, and is also similar to Plagioporus serotinus Stafford, 1904 from catostomids from eastern Canada. Plagioporus hageli n. sp. is distinguished from the former three species in lacking a dorsal vitelline field and from the latter species in having a consistent interruption in the distribution of the vitellarium at the level of the ventral sucker. The new species is also morphologically similar to an unnamed species of Plagioporus and a species misidentified as ‘Plagioporus angusticolle’ that were collected from California, but it is easily distinguished from both in its shorter body length. To estimate the placement of the new species within Plagioporus and within the Opecoelidae Ozaki, 1925, we conducted a Bayesian inference (BI) analysis of partial 28S rDNA sequence data that included sequences from Plagioporus hageli n. sp., five other species of Plagioporus, three species of Neoplagioporus Shimazu, 1990, including the type-species, Neoplagioporus zacconis (Yamaguti, 1934), two species of Urorchis Ozaki, 1927 (including the type-species, Urorchis goro Ozaki, 1927) and sequences of 42 opecoelid species obtained from GenBank. Our phylogenetic analysis revealed (i) plagioporines parasitising freshwater hosts form a monophyletic group; (ii) Plagiocirrus loboides Curran, Overstreet & Tkach, 2007 nested within the rest of the members of Plagioporus; (iii) the new species was closer to Plagiocirrus loboides than to Plagioporus shawi, the other salmonid parasite included in our analysis; (iv) P. shawi was the poorly supported sister to its congeners; (v) Neoplagioporus elongatus (Goto & Ozaki, 1930) Shimazu, 1990 was closer to the two species of Urorchis than to the other two species of Neoplagioporus; and (vi) the paraphyly of the Plagioporinae Manter, 1947 was reinforced. Based on 28S rDNA sequence data and our BI analysis, we propose Plagioporus loboides (Curran, Overstreet & Tkach, 2007) n. comb., and amend Plagioporus accordingly. This analysis represents the first phylogenetic study of the opecoelids that estimates the interrelationships of the Plagioporinae that includes a member of Plagioporus.

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Acknowledgements

We are indebted to Anindo Choudhury (St. Norbert College) for providing specimens of P. boleosomi, P. kolipinskii and P. shawi and also to Charles Criscione (Texas A&M) for providing specimens of P. shawi. We thank Urabe Misako (University of Shiga Prefecture) and Takeshi Shimazu for providing their insights on and specimens of opecoelids from Japan. We are also thankful to Sean Locke (University of Puerto Rico-Mayagüez), David Marcogliese (Environment Canada) and associated personnel from Environment Canada who aided in the collection of fish hosts of P. sinitsini and provided lab space for dissections in Montreal, Canada. From the University of Southern Mississippi, we thank Jean Jovonovich Alvillar and Janet Wright for their assistance with DNA sequencing reactions and Richard Heard and Robin Overstreet for provision of microscopy equipment and funds for molecular work. This work would not have been possible without the support of Vassar College Fellowships awarded to TJF that provided funds for the collection of freshwater plagioporines and also living expenses while working up species descriptions at St. Norbert College, including an Adolph Sutro Fellowship in 2013/2014, a Nancy Skinner Clark Fellowship in 2014/2015 and an additional Nancy Skinner Clark Fellowship in 2015/2016. The material treated here is based on work supported by the National Science Foundation under grant no. 0529684 and Ocean and Human Health Initiative grant no. NA08NOS4730322.

Funding

Funding for this research included Vassar College fellowships awarded to TJF, including an Adolph Sutro Fellowship in 2013/2014, a Nancy Skinner Clark Fellowship in 2014/2015 and an additional Nancy Skinner Clark Fellowship in 2015/2016; National Science Foundation grant no. 0529684 and Ocean and Human Health Initiative grant no. NA08NOS4730322 awarded to Robin Overstreet (University of Southern Mississippi); and funds from Richard Heard’s (University of Southern Mississippi) indirect account through the School of Ocean Science and Technology.

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  1. Department of Coastal Sciences, University of Southern Mississippi, Ocean Springs, MS, USA

    Thomas J. Fayton & Michael J. Andres

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  1. Thomas J. Fayton
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Correspondence to Thomas J. Fayton.

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All applicable institutional, national and international guidelines for the care and use of animals were followed. The Oncorhynchus mykiss examined in this study and specimens of Plagioporus chiliticorum were collected using recreational fishing licenses respectively from California and North Carolina (TJF); hosts of the other opecoelids included in this study were collected with the appropriate permits assigned to Anindo Choudhury, Charles Criscione, Environment Canada, Takeshi Shimazu and Urabe Misako.

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Fayton, T.J., Andres, M.J. New species of Plagioporus Stafford, 1904 (Digenea: Opecoelidae) from California, with an amendment of the genus and a phylogeny of freshwater plagioporines of the Holarctic. Syst Parasitol 93, 731–748 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11230-016-9664-6

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