Abstract
This paper introduces a secure and scalable intelligent transportation and human behavior system to accurately discover knowledge from urban traffic data. The data are secured using blockchain learning technology, where the scalability is ensured by a threaded GPU. In addition, different optimizations are provided to efficiently process data on the GPU. A reinforcement deep learning algorithm is also established to merge local knowledge discovered on each site into global knowledge. To demonstrate the applicability of the proposed framework, intensive experiments have been carried out on well-known intelligent transportation and human behavior data. Our results show that our proposed framework outperforms the baseline solutions for the outlier detection use case.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ali ZH, Ali HA (2020) Towards sustainable smart iot applications architectural elements and design: opportunities, challenges, and open directions. J Supercomput. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11227-020-03477-7
Alsrehin NO, Klaib AF, Magableh A (2019) Intelligent rransportation and control systems using data mining and machine learning techniques: a comprehensive study. IEEE Access 7:49830–49857
Atluri G, Karpatne A, Kumar V (2018) Spatio-temporal data mining: a survey of problems and methods. ACM Comput Surveys 51(4):1–41
Belhadi A, Djenouri Y, Lin JCW (2019)Comparative study on trajectory outlier detection algorithms. In: IEEEE international conference on data mining workshops, pp. 415–423
Bhowmick K, Narvekar M (2018) Trajectory outlier detection for traffic events: a survey. In: Bhalla S, Bhateja V, Chandavale A, Hiwale A, Satapathy S (eds) Intelligent computing and information and communication. Advances in intelligent systems and computing, vol 673. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7245-1_5
Breunig MM, Kriegel HP, Ng RT, Sander J (2000) Lof: identifying density-based local outliers. ACM SIGMOD Record 29:93–104
Chai H, Leng S, Chen Y, Zhang K (2020) A hierarchical blockchain-enabled federated learning algorithm for knowledge sharing in internet of vehicles. IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst. https://doi.org/10.1109/TITS.2020.3002712
Chandola V, Banerjee A, Kumar V (2010) Anomaly detection for discrete sequences: A survey. IEEE Trans Knowl Data Eng 24(5):823–839
Chen Q, Srivastava G, Parizi RM, Aloqaily M, Al Ridhawi I (2020) An incentive-aware blockchain-based solution for internet of fake media things. Inf Process Manag 57:102370
Dai Y, Xu D, Maharjan S, Chen Z, He Q, Zhang Y (2019) Blockchain and deep reinforcement learning empowered intelligent 5g beyond. IEEE Netw 33(3):10–17
Dai Y, Xu D, Zhang K, Maharjan S, Zhang Y (2020) Deep reinforcement learning and permissioned blockchain for content caching in vehicular edge computing and networks. IEEE Trans Veh Technol 69(4):4312–4324
Djenouri Youcef AZ, Chiarandini M (2018)Outlier detection in urban traffic flow distributions. In: IEEE international conference on data mining, pp. 935–940
Djenouri Y, Belhadi A, Fournier-Viger P, Fujita H (2018) Mining diversified association rules in big datasets: A cluster/GPU/genetic approach. Inf Sci 459:117–134
Djenouri Y, Belhadi A, Lin JCW, Djenouri D, Cano A (2019) A survey on urban traffic anomalies detection algorithms. IEEE Access 7:12192–12205
Djenouri Y, Bendjoudi A, Habbas Z, Mehdi M, Djenouri D (2017) Reducing thread divergence in gpu-based bees swarm optimization applied to association rule mining. Concurr Comput Pract Exp 29(9):e3836
Djenouri Y, Bendjoudi A, Mehdi M, Nouali-Taboudjemat N, Habbas Z (2015) Gpu-based bees swarm optimization for association rules mining. J Supercomput 71(4):1318–1344
Djenouri Y, Djenouri D, Belhadi A, Cano A (2018) Exploiting GPU and cluster parallelism in single scan frequent itemset mining. Inf Sci 496:363–377
Djenouri Y, Srivastava G, Jerry Lin C-W (2020) Fast and accurate convolution neural network for detecting manufacturing datas. IEEE Trans Ind Inf. https://doi.org/10.1109/TII.2020.3001493
Djenouri Y, Zimek A (2018) Outlier detection in urban traffic data. In: International Conference on Web Intelligence, Mining and Semantics, p. 3
Doshi K, Yilmaz Y (2020) Fast unsupervised anomaly detection in traffic videos. In: Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition workshops, pp. 624–625
Feizollahibarough S, Ashtiani M (2020) A security-aware virtual machine placement in the cloud using hesitant fuzzy decision-making processes. J Supercomput. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11227-020-03496-4
Feng Z, Zhu Y (2016) A survey on trajectory data mining: Techniques and applications. IEEE Access 4:2056–2067
Feremans L, Vercruyssen V, Cule B, Meert W (2019) Goethals B Pattern-based anomaly detection in mixed-type time series. In: Joint European conference on machine learning and knowledge discovery in databases, pp. 240–256
Gupta M, Gao J, Aggarwal CC, Han J (2014) Outlier detection for temporal data: A survey. IEEE Trans Knowl Data Eng 26(9):2250–2267
Kong X, Song X, Xia F, Guo H, Wang J, Tolba A (2018) Lotad: Long-term traffic anomaly detection based on crowdsourced bus trajectory data. World Wide Web 21(3):825–847
Li, X. Jiang, P., Chen, T., Luo, X., Wen, Q. (2020) A survey on the security of blockchain systems. Future Gener Comput Syst 107:841–853
Li W, Song H, Zeng F (2018) Policy-based secure and trustworthy sensing for internet of things in smart cities. IEEE Internet Things J 5(2):716–723
Liu CH, Lin Q, Wen S (2018) Blockchain-enabled data collection and sharing for industrial iot with deep reinforcement learning. IEEE Trans Ind Inf 15(6):3516–3526
Liu M, Yu FR, Teng Y, Leung VC, Song M (2019) Performance optimization for blockchain-enabled industrial internet of things (iiot) systems: A deep reinforcement learning approach. IEEE Trans Ind Inf 15(6):3559–3570
Liu Y, Li Z, Zhou C, Jiang Y, Sun J, Wang M, He X (2019) Generative adversarial active learning for unsupervised outlier detection. IEEE Trans Knowl Data Eng. https://doi.org/10.1109/TKDE.2019.2905606
Louati A, Louati H, Li Z (2020) Deep learning and case-based reasoning for predictive and adaptive traffic emergency management. J Supercomput. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11227-020-03435-3
Lu Y, Huang X, Zhang K, Maharjan S, Zhang Y (2020) Blockchain empowered asynchronous federated learning for secure data sharing in internet of vehicles. IEEE Trans Veh Technol 69(4):4298–4311
Luo J, Chen Q, Richard Yu F, Tang L (2020) Blockchain-enabled software-defined industrial internet of things with deep reinforcement learning. IEEE Internet Things J 7(6):5466–5480
Meng F, Yuan G, Lv S, Wang Z, Xia S (2019) An overview on trajectory outlier detection. Artif Intell Rev 52(4):2437–2456
Na GS, Kim D, Yu H (2018)Dilof: Effective and memory efficient local outlier detection in data streams. In: ACM International conference on knowledge discovery & data mining, pp. 1993–2002
Nesa N, Ghosh T, Banerjee I (2018) Non-parametric sequence-based learning approach for outlier detection in iot. Future Gener Comput Syst 82:412–421
Połap D, Srivastava G, Jolfaei A, Parizi RM (2020)Blockchain technology and neural networks for the internet of medical things. In: IEEE conference on computer communications workshops, pp. 508–513
Qiu C, Yu FR, Yao H, Jiang C, Xu F, Zhao C (2018) Blockchain-based software-defined industrial internet of things: A dueling deep q-learning approach. IEEE Internet Things J 6(3):4627–4639
Qu Y, Gao L, Luan TH, Xiang Y, Yu S, Li B, Zheng G (2020) Decentralized privacy using blockchain-enabled federated learning in fog computing. IEEE Internet Things J 7(6):5171–5183. https://doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2020.2977383
Raman MG, Somu, N, Jagarapu S, Manghnani T, Selvam T, Krithivasan K, Sriram VS (2019) An efficient intrusion detection technique based on support vector machine and improved binary gravitational search algorithm. Artif Intell Rev. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-019-09762-z
Roberge V, Tarbouchi M, Labonté G (2018) Fast genetic algorithm path planner for fixed-wing military UAV Using GPU. IEEE Trans Aerosp Electron Syst 54(5):2105–2117
Schubert E, Zimek A, Kriegel HP (2014) Local outlier detection reconsidered: a generalized view on locality with applications to spatial, video, and network outlier detection. Data Min Knowl Discov 28(1):190–237
Sezer OB, Gudelek MU, Ozbayoglu AM (2020) Financial time series forecasting with deep learning: A systematic literature review: 2005–2019. Appl Soft Comput 90:106181
Singh K, Upadhyaya S (2012) Outlier detection: applications and techniques. Int J Comput Sci Issues 9(1):307
Vercruyssen V, Meert W, Davis J (2020) Transfer learning for anomaly detection through localized and unsupervised instance selection. In: AAAI conference on artificial intelligence, pp. 6054–6061
Wang F, Li M, Mei Y, Li W (2020) Time series data mining: A case study with big data analytics approach. IEEE Access 8:14322–14328
Weng J, Weng J, Zhang J, Li M, Zhang Y, Luo W (2019) Deepchain: auditable and privacy-preserving deep learning with blockchain-based incentive. IEEE Trans Depend Sec Comput. https://doi.org/10.1109/TDSC.2019.2952332
Xiao, Y., Zhang, N., Lou, W., Hou, Y.T.: (2020) A survey of distributed consensus protocols for blockchain networks. IEEE Commun Surv Tutor 22:1432–1465
Yu T, Wang X, Shami A (2017) Recursive principal component analysis-based data outlier detection and sensor data aggregation in iot systems. IEEE Internet Things J 4(6):2207–2216
Yu Z, Yoon JS, Venkatesh P, Park J, Yu J, Park HS (2018)Humbi 1.0: Human multiview behavioral imaging dataset. arXiv preprint arXiv:1812.00281
Zhang C, Song D, Chen Y, Feng X, Lumezanu C, Cheng W, Ni J, Zong B, Chen H, Chawla NV (2019) A deep neural network for unsupervised anomaly detection and diagnosis in multivariate time series data. In: The International Conference on Artificial Intelligence vol. 33, pp. 1409–1416
Zhang J, Zulkernine M, Haque A (2008) Random-forests-based network intrusion detection systems. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern Part C (Applications and Reviews) 38(5):649–659
Zheng Y (2015) Trajectory data mining: an overview. ACM Trans Intell Syst Technol 6(3):29
Zheng Y, Capra L, Wolfson O, Yang H (2014) Urban computing: concepts, methodologies, and applications. ACM Trans Intell Syst Technol 5(3):38
Zhou G, Bo R, Chien L, Zhang X, Yang S, Su D (2018) GPU-accelerated algorithm for online probabilistic power flow. IEEE Trans Power Syst 33(1):1132–1135
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Belhadi, A., Djenouri, Y., Srivastava, G. et al. SS-ITS: secure scalable intelligent transportation systems. J Supercomput 77, 7253–7269 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11227-020-03582-7
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11227-020-03582-7