Abstract
In this paper, we introduce the development and evaluation of the Proton Environment and Total ionizing dose (TID) Effect Monitor (PETEM) onboard a low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite for telecommunication test launched on 20th May 2022. The PETEM was developed to supply in-situ probe data of space environment and its effects for the space application of commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) components. At the same time, it is expected that the data can be useful for analyzing the proton distribution in South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA) and inner radiation belt. PETEM possesses the function of detecting high-energy protons and TID effects in LEO. Geant4 simulation was employed to design the semiconductor telescope of high-energy proton detector, which was designed to measure protons in the energy range of 5∼200 MeV. A circuit was developed to improve the accuracy of radiation-sensitive field-effect transistor (RadFET) measurements by accounting for the temperature dependence of the threshold voltage and calibration results showed its ability to provide reliable and accurate measurements of TID effects in real-time. We also present the results of in-flight tests, indicating that PETEM can reliably measure proton environment and TID effects.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
References
Álvarez M, Manzano P, Escribano D, Hernando C, Arruego I (2016) On-orbit measurements of TID and dose rate from two RADFETs on board NANOSAT-1B satellite. In: 2016 IEEE radiation effects data workshop (REDW), pp 1–4
Bartocci S, Battiston R, Burger WJ, Campana D, Carfora L, Castellini G et al. (2020) Galactic cosmic-ray hydrogen spectra in the 40-250 MeV range measured by the high-energy particle detector (HEPD) on board the CSES-01 satellite between 2018 and 2020. Astrophys J 901:8. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abad3e
Brautigam DH (2002) CRRES in review: space weather and its effects on technology. J Atmos Sol-Terr Phys 64(16):1709–1721. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1364-6826(02)00121-9
Chen C, Guo Z-Y, Yan S-Q, Zhang Z-F, Gong L-H, Li R-X et al. (1990) Status of the tandem accelerator mass spectrometry facility at Peking University. Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res, Sect B, Beam Interact Mater Atoms 52(3–4):306–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-583X(90)90427-V
Daly EJ, Lemaiire J (1996) Problems with models of the radiation belt. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 43(2):403–415
Dang T, Li X, Luo B, Li R, Zhang B, Pham K et al. (2022) Unveiling the space weather during the Starlink satellites destruction event on 4 February 2022. Space Weather 20:e2022SW003152. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022SW003152
Fung SF (1996) Recent development in the NASA trapped radiation models. In: Radiation belts: models and standards. American Geophysical Union, Washington, pp 79–91
Ginet GP, O’Brien TP, Huston SL, Johnston WR, Guild TB, Friedel R, Lindstrom CD, Roth CJ, Whelan P, Quinn RA, Madden D, Morley S, Su Y-J (2013) AE9, AP9 and SPM: new models for specifying the trapped energetic particle and space plasma environment. Space Sci Rev 179:579–615. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-013-9964-y
Hagen M, Azevedo A (2020a) South Atlantic anomaly seasonal seismicity during two solar cycles. Open J Earthq Res 9:307–322. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojer.2020.94018
Hagen M, Azevedo A (2020b) South Atlantic anomaly, ionospheric signals from seismic events. Nat Sci 12:162–173. https://doi.org/10.4236/ns.2020.123014
Huang JP, Yu WH, Zeren ZM et al. (2020) Statistical analysis on data consistency of the energetic particles observed by NOAA satellites (in Chinese). Chin J Geophys 63(4):1249–1261. https://doi.org/10.6038/cjg2020N0051
Johnstone AD, Alsop C, Burge S, Carter PJ, Coates AJ, Coker AJ, Fazakerley AN, Grande M, Gowen RA, Gurgiolo C, Hancock BK, Narheim B, Preece A, Sheather PH, Winningham JD, Woodliffe RD (1997) Peace: a plasma electron and current experiment. Space Sci Rev 79:351–398. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1004938001388
Kulu E (2021) Satellite constellations-2021 industry survey and trend. In: 35th annual small satellite conference, Logan, 2021, pp 1–5
Li X-L, Baker DN, Kanekal SG (2001) Long term measurements of radiation belts by SAMPEX and their variations. Geophys Res Left 28(20):3827–3830. https://doi.org/10.1029/2001GL013586
Ma J, Xue B-S, Fang H-X, Weng L-B, Zhou Y-Q, Xia J-L (2019) Formation mechanism of sub south Atlantic anomaly region observed by FY-3A (in Chinese). Chin J Space Sci 39(1):69–75. https://doi.org/10.11728/cjss2019.01.069
McDowell JC (2020) The Low Earth Orbit satellite population and impacts of the SpaceX Starlink constellation. Astrophys J Lett 892:L36. https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ab8016
Mirjalili S, Lewis A (2016) The whale optimization algorithm. Adv Eng Softw 2016(95):51–67
Mitani T, Takashima T, Kasahara S et al. (2018) High-energy electron experiments (HEP) aboard the ERG (Arase) satellite. Earth Planets Space 70:77. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-018-0853-1
Miyoshi Y, Shinohara I, Takashima T et al. (2018) Geospace exploration project ERG. Earth Planets Space 70:101. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-018-0862-0
Němec F, Santolík O, Gereová K, Macúšová E, Conchy E, Cornilleau-Wehrlin N (2005) Initial results of a survey of equatorial noise emissions observed by the cluster spacecraft. Planet Space Sci 53(1–3):291–298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2004.09.055
Parrot M, Benoist D, Berthelier JJ et al. (2006) The magnetic field experiment IMSC and its data processing onboard DEMETER: scientific obj ectives,description and first results. Planet Space Sci 54(5):441–455. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.pss.2005.10.015
Peck ED, Randall CE, Green JC, Rodriguez JV, Rodger CJ (2015) POES MEPED differential flux retrievals and electron channel contamination correction. J Geophys Res Space Phys 120:4596–4612. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JA020817
Sauvaud JA, Moreau T, Maggiolo R, Treilhou J-P, Jacquey C, Cros A, Coutelier J, Rouzaud J, Penou E, Gangloff M (2006) High-energy electron detection onboard DEMETER: the IDP spectrometer, description and first results on the inner belt. Planet Space Sci 54(5):502–511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2005.10.019
Seltzer S (1994) Updated Calculations for Routine Space-Shielding Radiation Dose Estimates. SHIELDOSE-2, NIST Interagency/Internal Report, (NISTIR), National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, [online]. (Accessed November 23, 2023). https://tsapps.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=103635
Shen GH, Zhang SY, Quan L, Tian C, Zhang HX, Chang Z, Zhang XG, Zhang X, Sun Y, Yang Z, Sun Y (2023) High-energy proton detector based on semiconductor telescope. Open Astron 32(1):20220197. https://doi.org/10.1515/astro-2022-0197
Stratton JM, Harvey RJ, Heyler GA (2013) Mission overview for the radiation belt storm probes mission. Space Sci Rev 179:29–57. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-012-9933-x
Sullivan JD (1971) Geometric factor and directional response of single and multi-element particle telescopes. Nucl Instrum Methods 95(1):5–11
Van Allen JA (1958) Observation of high intensity radiation by satellites 1958 alpha and gamma. Jet Propuls 28(9):588–592
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Competing Interests
All authors disclosed no relevant relationships. No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Note by the Editor: This is a Special Communication. In addition to invited review papers and topical collections, Space Science Reviews publishes unsolicited Special Communications. These are papers linked to an earlier topical volume/collection, report-type papers, or timely papers dealing with a strong space-science-technology combination (such papers summarize the science and technology of an instrument or mission in one paper).
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Yang, X., Tang, Z., Yang, Y. et al. Design and Evaluation of a Monitoring Instrument for the High-Energy Proton and TID Effects in LEO. Space Sci Rev 220, 33 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-024-01066-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-024-01066-1