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Science Goals and Mission Objectives for the Future Exploration of Ice Giants Systems: A Horizon 2061 Perspective

Space Science Reviews volume 217, Article number: 3 (2021) Cite this article

Abstract

The comparative study of planetary systems is a unique source of new scientific insight: following the six “key science questions” of the “Planetary Exploration, Horizon 2061” long-term foresight exercise, it can reveal to us the diversity of their objects (Question 1) and of their architectures (Question 2), help us better understand their origins (Question 3) and how they work (Question 4), find and characterize habitable worlds (Question 5), and ultimately, search for alien life (Question 6). But a huge “knowledge gap” exists which limits the applicability of this approach in the solar system itself: two of its secondary planetary systems, the ice giant systems of Uranus and Neptune, remain poorly explored.

Starting from an analysis of our current limited knowledge of solar system ice giants and their systems in the light of these six key science questions, we show that a long-term plan for the space exploration of ice giants and their systems will greatly contribute to answer these questions. To do so, we identify the key measurements needed to address each of these questions, the destinations to choose (Uranus, Neptune, Triton or a subset of them), the combinations of space platform(s) and the types of flight sequences needed.

We then examine the different launch windows available until 2061, using a Jupiter fly-by, to send a mission to Uranus or Neptune, and find that:

(1) an optimized choice of platforms and flight sequences makes it possible to address a broad range of the key science questions with one mission at one of the planets. Combining an atmospheric entry probe with an orbiter tour starting on a high-inclination, low periapse orbit, followed by a sequence of lower inclination orbits (or the other way around) appears to be an optimal choice.

(2) a combination of two missions to each of the ice giant systems, to be flown in parallel or in sequence, will address five out of the six key questions and establish the prerequisites to address the sixth one: searching for life at one of the most promising Ice Giant moons.

(3) The 2032 Jupiter fly-by window, which offers a unique opportunity to implement this plan, should be considered in priority; if this window cannot be met, using the 2036 Jupiter fly-by window to send a mission to Uranus first, and then the 2045 window for a mission to Neptune, will allow one to achieve the same objectives; as a back-up option, one should consider an orbiter + probe mission to one of the planets and a close fly-by of the other planet to deliver a probe into its atmosphere, using the opportunity of a future mission on its way to Kuiper Belt Objects or the interstellar medium;

(4) based on the examination of the habitability of the different moons by the first two missions, a third one can be properly designed to search for life at the most promising moon, likely Triton, or one of the active moons of Uranus.

Thus, by 2061 the first two missions of this plan can be implemented and a third mission focusing on the search for life can be designed. Given that such a plan may be out of reach of a single national agency, international collaboration is the most promising way to implement it.

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Acknowledgements

The French coauthors acknowledge support from CNES for Ice Giant Missions and CNRS/INSU programs of planetology and heliophysics. LL acknowledges the Hubble Space Telescope (Program GO/DD 14036) and the APIS service http://apis.obspm.fr, hosted by the Paris Astronomical Data Centre. KMS acknowledge support from NASA Grant NNX15AL56G.

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Affiliations

  1. IRAP, CNRS-Université Toulouse III, Toulouse, France

    Michel Blanc, Nicolas André, Léa Griton & Corentin Louis

  2. LAM, CNRS-Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France

    Michel Blanc, Olivier Mousis, Alexis Bouquet, Magali Deleuil, Laurent Lamy & Pierre Vernazza

  3. JHU-APL, Laurel, MD, USA

    Kathleen Mandt, Kathleen L. Craft & Elizabeth Turtle

  4. Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Paris, France

    Sébastien Charnoz

  5. University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland

    Ravit Helled

  6. Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain

    Ricardo Hueso

  7. LESIA, CNRS-Observatoire de Paris, Meudon, France

    Laurent Lamy

  8. Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA

    Jonathan Lunine

  9. Lund University, Lund, Sweden

    Thomas Ronnet

  10. University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland

    Juergen Schmidt

  11. Institute for Geophysics, Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA

    Krista Soderlund

  12. Institute for Space Astrophysics and Planetology INAF-IAPS, Rome, Italy

    Diego Turrini

  13. ESA-ESTEC, Noordwijk, The Netherlands

    Olivier Witasse

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  1. Michel Blanc
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In Situ Exploration of the Ice Giants: Science and Technology

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Blanc, M., Mandt, K., Mousis, O. et al. Science Goals and Mission Objectives for the Future Exploration of Ice Giants Systems: A Horizon 2061 Perspective. Space Sci Rev 217, 3 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-020-00769-5

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Keywords

  • Planets
  • Planetary systems
  • Ice giants
  • Uranus
  • Neptune
  • Planetary exploration
  • Origins
  • Astrobiology