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Comparison of the Deep Atmospheric Dynamics of Jupiter and Saturn in Light of the Juno and Cassini Gravity Measurements

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Abstract

The nature and structure of the observed east-west flows on Jupiter and Saturn have been a long-standing mystery in planetary science. This mystery has been recently unraveled by the accurate gravity measurements provided by the Juno mission to Jupiter and the Grand Finale of the Cassini mission to Saturn. These two experiments, which coincidentally happened around the same time, allowed the determination of the overall vertical and meridional profiles of the zonal flows on both planets. This paper reviews the topic of zonal jets on the gas giants in light of the new data from these two experiments. The gravity measurements not only allow the depth of the jets to be constrained, yielding the inference that the jets extend to roughly 3000 and 9000 km below the observed clouds on Jupiter and Saturn, respectively, but also provide insights into the mechanisms controlling these zonal flows. Specifically, for both planets this depth corresponds to the depth where electrical conductivity is within an order of magnitude of 1 S m−1, implying that the magnetic field likely plays a key role in damping the zonal flows. An intrinsic characteristic of any gravity inversion, as discussed here, is that the solutions might not be unique. We analyze the robustness of the solutions and present several independent lines of evidence supporting the results presented here.

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Notes

  1. Note that \(2\boldsymbol{\Omega }\cdot \nabla =2\boldsymbol{\Omega } \frac{\partial }{\partial z}\), where \(z\) is the direction parallel to the spin vector \(\left (\boldsymbol{\Omega }\right )\).

  2. Note that the barotropic limit is not simply when the rhs of Eq. (3) vanishes, but rather when the lhs changes as well, resulting in \(2\boldsymbol{\Omega }\cdot \nabla \mathbf{u}-2\boldsymbol{\Omega }\nabla \cdot \mathbf{u}=0\). See full derivation in Kaspi et al. (2016).

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Acknowledgements

Kaspi and Galanti acknowledge support by the Israeli Space Agency and the Helen Kimmel Center for Planetary Science at the Weizmann Institute of Science. All authors acknowledge support by the Juno project. We are extremely grateful to Kunio Sayanagi and an anonymous reviewer for their helpful comments. We acknowledge support from the Understanding the Diversity of Planetary Atmospheres workshop at the International Space Science Institute (ISSI) in November 2018 for inspiring this review.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Dept. of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel

    Yohai Kaspi & Eli Galanti

  2. Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0092, USA

    Adam P. Showman

  3. Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA

    David J. Stevenson

  4. Université Côte d’Azur, OCA, Lagrange CNRS, 06304, Nice, France

    Tristan Guillot

  5. Sapienza Universitá di Roma, 00184, Rome, Italy

    Luciano Iess

  6. Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, 78238, USA

    Scott J. Bolton

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  1. Yohai Kaspi
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Correspondence to Yohai Kaspi.

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Understanding the Diversity of Planetary Atmospheres

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Kaspi, Y., Galanti, E., Showman, A.P. et al. Comparison of the Deep Atmospheric Dynamics of Jupiter and Saturn in Light of the Juno and Cassini Gravity Measurements. Space Sci Rev 216, 84 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-020-00705-7

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