Abstract
The National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Thermosphere Ionosphere Electrodynamics General Circulation Model (TIEGCM) will provide a physics-based context for the interpretation of ICON measurements. To optimize the realism of the model simulations, ICON wind and temperature measurements near the ∼97 km lower boundary of the TIEGCM will be used to specify the upward-propagating tidal spectrum at this altitude. This will be done by fitting a set of basis functions called Hough Mode Extensions (HMEs) to 27-day mean tidal winds and temperatures between 90 and 105 km altitude and between 12 °S and 42 °N latitude on a day-by-day basis. The current paper assesses the veracity of the HME fitting methodology given the restricted latitude sampling and the UT-longitude sampling afforded by the MIGHTI instrument viewing from the ICON satellite, which will be in a circular 27° inclination orbit. These issues are investigated using the output from a reanalysis-driven global circulation model, which contains realistic variability of the important tidal components, as a mock data set. ICON sampling of the model reveals that the 27-day mean diurnal and semidiurnal tidal components replicate well the 27-day mean tidal components obtained from full synoptic sampling of the model, but the terdiurnal tidal components are not faithfully reproduced. It is also demonstrated that reconstructed tidal components based on HME fitting to the model tides between 12 °S and 42 °N latitude provide good approximations to the major tidal components expected to be encountered during the ICON mission. This is because the constraints provided by fitting both winds and temperatures over the 90–105 km height range are adequate to offset the restricted sampling in latitude. The boundary conditions provided by the methodology described herein will greatly enhance the ability of the TIEGCM to provide a physical framework for interpreting atmosphere-ionosphere coupling in ICON observations due to atmospheric tides.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
D. Crary, J.M. Forbes, On the extraction of tidal information from observations covering a fraction of a day. Geophys. Res. Lett. 10, 580–582 (1983)
G. Crowley, Assimilative Mapping of Ionospheric Electrodynamics (AMIE) for the Ionospheric Connections (ICON) explorer. Space Sci. Rev. (2017), this issue
C.R. Englert, J.M. Harlander, C.M. Brown, K.D. Marr, I.J. Miller, J.E. Stump, J. Hancock, J. Peterson, J. Kumler, W.H. Morrow, T.A. Mooney, S. Ellis, S.B. Mende, S.E. Harris, M.H. Stevens, J.J. Makela, B.J. Harding, T.J. Immel, Michelson Interferometer for Global High-resolution Thermospheric Imaging (MIGHTI): Instrument design and calibration. Space Sci. Rev. (2017), this issue. doi:10.1007/s11214-017-0358-4
J.M. Forbes, Atmospheric tides. I. Model description and results for the solar diurnal component. J. Geophys. Res. 87, 5222–5240 (1982)
J.M. Forbes, H.B. Garrett, Theoretical studies of atmospheric tides. Rev. Geophys. Space Phys. 17, 1951–1981 (1979)
J.M. Forbes, M.E. Hagan, Thermospheric extensions of the classical expansion functions for semidiurnal tides. J. Geophys. Res. 87, 5253–5259 (1982)
J.M. Forbes, R.G. Roble, C.G. Fesen, Acceleration, heating, and compositional mixing of the thermosphere due to upward propagating tides. J. Geophys. Res. 98(A1), 311–321 (1993). doi:10.1029/92JA00442
J.M. Forbes, A.H. Manson, R.A. Vincent, G.J. Fraser, F. Vial, R. Wand, S.K. Avery, R.R. Clark, R. Johnson, R. Roper, R. Schminder, T. Tsuda, E.S. Kazimirovsky, Semidiurnal tide in the 80–150 km region: An assimilative data analysis. J. Atmos. Terr. Phys. 56, 1237–1250 (1994)
J.M. Forbes, X. Zhang, M.E. Hagan, Simulations of diurnal tides due to tropospheric heating from the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis project. Geophys. Res. Lett. 28, 3851–3854 (2001)
J.M. Forbes, M.E. Hagan, S. Miyahara, Y. Miyoshi, X. Zhang, Diurnal nonmigrating tides in the tropical lower thermosphere. Earth Planets Space 55, 419–426 (2003a)
J.M. Forbes, X. Zhang, W. Ward, E. Talaat, Nonmigrating diurnal tides in the thermosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 108, 1033 (2003b). doi:10.1029/2002JA009262
J.M. Forbes, J. Russell, S. Miyahara, X. Zhang, S. Palo, M. Mlynczak, C.J. Mertens, M.E. Hagan, Troposphere-thermosphere tidal coupling as measured by the SABER instrument on TIMED during July–September 2002. J. Geophys. Res. 111, A10S06 (2006). doi:10.1029/2005JA011492
M.E. Hagan, Comparative effects of migrating solar sources on tides in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 101, 21213–21222 (1996)
M.E. Hagan, J.M. Forbes, Migrating and nonmigrating diurnal tides in the middle and upper atmosphere excited by tropospheric latent heat release. J. Geophys. Res. 107(D24), 4754 (2002). doi:10.1029/2001JD001236
M.E. Hagan, J.M. Forbes, Migrating and nonmigrating semidiurnal tides in the upper atmosphere excited by tropospheric latent heat release. J. Geophys. Res. 108(A2), 1062 (2003). doi:10.1029/2002JA009466
M.E. Hagan, J.M. Forbes, F. Vial, On modeling migrating solar tides. Geophys. Res. Lett. 22, 893–896 (1995)
M.E. Hagan, M.D. Burrage, J.M. Forbes, J. Hackney, W.J. Randel, X. Zhang, GSWM-98: Results for migrating solar tides. J. Geophys. Res. 104, 6813–6827 (1999)
K. Häusler, M.E. Hagan, A.J.G. Baumgaertner, A. Maute, G. Lu, E. Doornbos, S. Bruinsma, J.M. Forbes, F. Gasperini, Improved short-term variability in the thermosphere-ionosphere-mesosphere-electrodynamics general circulation model. J. Geophys. Res. (2014). doi:10.1002/2014JA020006
K. Häusler, M.E. Hagan, J.M. Forbes, X. Zhang, E. Doornbos, S. Bruinsma, G. Lu, Intra-annual variability of tides in the thermosphere from model simulations and in situ satellite observations. J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys. 120, 751–765 (2015). doi:10.1002/2014JA020579
M. Jones Jr., J.M. Forbes, M.E. Hagan, A. Maute, Impacts of vertically propagating tides on the mean state of the ionosphere-thermosphere system. J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys. 119, 2197–2213 (2014). doi:10.1002/2013JA019744
R. Lindsay, M. Wensnahan, A. Schweiger, J. Zhang, Evaluation of seven different atmospheric reanalysis products in the Arctic. J. Climate 27, 2588–2606 (2014). doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00014.1
R.S. Lindzen, Turbulence and stress owing to gravity wave and tidal breakdown. J. Geophys. Res. 86, 9707–9714 (1981). doi:10.1029/JC086iC10p09707
R.S. Lindzen, S.-S. Hong, Effects of mean winds and meridional temperature gradients on solar and lunar semidiurnal tides in the atmosphere. J. Atmos. Sci. 31, 1421–1466 (1974)
R.S. Lindzen, S.-S. Hong, J.M. Forbes, Semidiurnal Hough mode extensions in the thermosphere and their application, Memo. Rept. 3442, 69 pp., Nav. Res. Lab., Washington, 1977
A. Maute, Thermosphere-ionosphere-electrodynamics general circulation model for the ionospheric connection explorer: TIEGCM-ICON. Space Sci. Rev. (2017), this issue. doi:10.1007/s11214-017-0330-3
Y. Miyoshi, H. Fujiwara, H. Jin, H. Shinagawa, A global view of gravity waves in the thermosphere simulated by a general circulation model. J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys. 119, 5807–5820 (2014). doi:10.1002/2014JA019848
V. Nguyen, S.E. Palo, Transmission of planetary wave effects to the upper atmosphere through eddy diffusion modulation. J. Atmos. Solar-Terr. Phys. 117, 1–6 (2014)
J. Oberheide, M.E. Hagan, R.G. Roble, Tidal signatures and aliasing in temperature data from slowly precessing satellites. J. Geophys. Res. 108, 1055 (2003a). doi:10.1029/2002JA009585
J. Oberheide, M.E. Hagan, R.G. Roble, Correction to tidal signatures and aliasing in temperature data from slowly precessing satellites. J. Geophys. Res. 108, 1213 (2003b). doi:10.1029/2003JA009967
J. Oberheide, J.M. Forbes, X. Zhang, S.L. Bruinsma, Climatology of upward propagating diurnal and semidiurnal tides in the thermosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 116, A11306 (2011). doi:10.1029/2011JA016784
L. Qian, A.G. Burns, B.A. Emery, B. Foster, G. Lu, A. Maute, A.D. Richmond, R.G. Roble, S.C. Solomon, W. Wang, The NCAR TIE-GCM: A community model of the coupled thermosphere/ionosphere system, in Modeling the Ionosphere-Thermosphere System. AGU Geophysical Monograph Series (2014)
A.D. Richmond, E.C. Ridley, R.G. Roble, A thermosphere/ionosphere general circulation model with coupled electrodynamics. Geophys. Res. Lett. 6, 601–604 (1992)
M.M. Rienecker, M.J. Suarez, R. Gelaro, R. Todling, J. Bacmeister, E. Liu, M.G. Bosilovich, S.D. Schubert, L. Takacs, G.-K. Kim, S. Bloom, J. Chen, D. Collins, A. Conaty, A. da Silva, W. Gu, J. Joiner, R.D. Koster, R. Lucchesi, A. Molod, T. Owens, S. Pawson, P. Pegion, C.R. Redder, R. Reichle, F.R. Robertson, A.G. Ruddick, M. Sienkiewicz, J. Woollen, MERRA: NASA’s modern-era retrospective analysis for research and applications. J. Climate 24, 3624–3648 (2011). doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00015.1
R.G. Roble, The NCAR Thermosphere-Ionosphere-Mesosphere-Electrodynamics General Circulation Model (TIME-GCM), ionosphere models, in STEP Handbook on Ionospheric Models, ed. by R.W. Schunk (Utah State University, Logan, 1995)
R.G. Roble, E.C. Ridley, A thermosphere-ionosphere-mesosphere-electrodynamics general circulation model (TIME-GCM): Equinox solar cycle minimum simulations (30–500 km). Geophys. Res. Lett. 21, 417–420 (1994)
A.A. Svoboda, J.M. Forbes, S. Miyahara, A space-based climatology of temperatures and densities from diurnal MLT tidal winds, UARS wind measurements. J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. 67(16), 1533–1543 (2005)
S.L. Vadas, H. Liu, Generation of large-scale gravity waves and neutral winds in the thermosphere from the dissipation of convectively generated gravity waves. J. Geophys. Res. 114, A10310 (2009). doi:10.1029/2009JA014108
S.L. Vadas, H. Liu, Numerical modeling of the large-scale neutral and plasma responses to the body forces created by the dissipation of gravity waves from 6 h of deep convection in Brazil. J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys. 118, 2593–2617 (2013). doi:10.1002/jgra.50249
E. Yiğit, A.S. Medvedev, Internal gravity waves in the thermosphere during low and high solar activity: Simulation study. J. Geophys. Res. 115, A00G02 (2010). doi:10.1029/2009JA015106
E. Yiğit, A.S. Medvedev, Internal wave coupling processes in Earth’s atmosphere. Adv. Space Res. 55(4), 983–1003 (2015). ISSN 0273-1177. doi:10.1016/j.asr.2014.11.020
J. Yue, W. Wang, Changes of thermospheric composition and ionospheric density caused by quasi-2-day wave dissipation. J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys. 119, 2069–2078 (2014). doi:10.1002/2013JA019725
Acknowledgements
This work was supported in part by NASA through the University of California at Berkeley under Award 00008209 to the University of Colorado. M.E. Hagan’s efforts were supported in part by the National Center for Atmospheric Research and by the NASA U.S. Participating Investigator Program through Grant NNXl2AD26G to University of Colorado and Subaward 75900816 to Utah State University.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
The Ionospheric Connection Explorer (ICON) mission
Edited by Doug Rowland and Thomas J. Immel
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Forbes, J.M., Zhang, X., Hagan, M.E. et al. On the Specification of Upward-Propagating Tides for ICON Science Investigations. Space Sci Rev 212, 697–713 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-017-0401-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-017-0401-5