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Space Science Reviews

, Volume 174, Issue 1–4, pp 113–154 | Cite as

Outgassing History and Escape of the Martian Atmosphere and Water Inventory

  • Helmut LammerEmail author
  • Eric Chassefière
  • Özgür Karatekin
  • Achim Morschhauser
  • Paul B. Niles
  • Olivier Mousis
  • Petra Odert
  • Ute V. Möstl
  • Doris Breuer
  • Véronique Dehant
  • Matthias Grott
  • Hannes Gröller
  • Ernst Hauber
  • Lê Binh San Pham
Article
First Online:

Abstract

The evolution and escape of the martian atmosphere and the planet’s water inventory can be separated into an early and late evolutionary epoch. The first epoch started from the planet’s origin and lasted ∼500 Myr. Because of the high EUV flux of the young Sun and Mars’ low gravity it was accompanied by hydrodynamic blow-off of hydrogen and strong thermal escape rates of dragged heavier species such as O and C atoms. After the main part of the protoatmosphere was lost, impact-related volatiles and mantle outgassing may have resulted in accumulation of a secondary CO2 atmosphere of a few tens to a few hundred mbar around ∼4–4.3 Gyr ago. The evolution of the atmospheric surface pressure and water inventory of such a secondary atmosphere during the second epoch which lasted from the end of the Noachian until today was most likely determined by a complex interplay of various nonthermal atmospheric escape processes, impacts, carbonate precipitation, and serpentinization during the Hesperian and Amazonian epochs which led to the present day surface pressure.

Keywords

Early Mars Young Sun Magma ocean Volcanic outgassing Impacts Thermal escape Nonthermal escape Atmospheric evolution 
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Notes

Acknowledgements

D. Breuer, E. Chassefière, M. Grott, H. Gröller, E. Hauber, H. Lammer, P. Odert and A. Morschhauser acknowledges support from the Helmholtz Alliance project “Planetary Evolution and Life”. E. Chassefière acknowledges support from CNRS EPOV interdisciplinary program. H. Lammer acknowledge the support by the FWF NFN project S116 “Pathways to Habitability: From Disks to Active Stars, Planets and Life”, and the related FWF NFN subproject, S116607-N16 “Particle/Radiative Interactions with Upper Atmospheres of Planetary Bodies Under Extreme Stellar Conditions”. H. Gröller and H. Lammer acknowledges also support from the Austrian FWF project P24247-N16 “Modelling of non-thermal processes in early upper atomospheres exposed to extreme young Sun conditions” and support from the joined Russian-Austrian project under the RFBR grant 09-02-91002-215-ANF-a and the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) grant I199-N16. P. Odert was supported via the FWF project grant P19446-N16 and the research by U. Möstl was funded by the FWF project grant P21051-N16. O. Karatekin thanks A. Morbidelli for the discussions related to impact studies and the LHB; O. Karatekin, V. Dehant and L.B.S. Pham acknowledges the support of Belgian PRODEX program managed by the ESA in collaboration with the BELSPO. O. Mousis acknowledges support from CNES. P. Niles acknowledges support from NASA Johnson Space Center and the Mars Fundamental Research Program. The authors also thank ISSI for hosting the conference and the Europlanet RI-FP7 project and its related Science Networking (Na2) working groups. Finally, the authors thank guest editor M. Toplis and two anonymous referees for their suggestions and recommendations which helped to improve the article.

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© Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2012

Authors and Affiliations

  • Helmut Lammer
    • 1
    Email author
  • Eric Chassefière
    • 2
  • Özgür Karatekin
    • 3
  • Achim Morschhauser
    • 4
  • Paul B. Niles
    • 5
  • Olivier Mousis
    • 6
    • 7
  • Petra Odert
    • 1
    • 8
  • Ute V. Möstl
    • 8
  • Doris Breuer
    • 4
  • Véronique Dehant
    • 3
  • Matthias Grott
    • 4
  • Hannes Gröller
    • 1
  • Ernst Hauber
    • 4
  • Lê Binh San Pham
    • 3
  1. 1.Space Research InstituteAustrian Academy of SciencesGrazAustria
  2. 2.Laboratoire IDES, CNRS, UMR8148Univ. Paris-SudOrsayFrance
  3. 3.Royal Observatory of BelgiumBrusselsBelgium
  4. 4.German Aerospace CenterInstitute of Planetary ResearchBerlinGermany
  5. 5.Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science Johnson Space CenterNASAHoustonUSA
  6. 6.Observatoire de BesançonBesançonFrance
  7. 7.UPS-OMP; CNRS-INSU; IRAPUniversité de ToulouseToulouseFrance
  8. 8.Institute for Physics/IGAMUniversity of GrazGrazAustria

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