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IBEX—Interstellar Boundary Explorer
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  • Open Access
  • Published: 18 April 2009

IBEX—Interstellar Boundary Explorer

  • D. J. McComas1,
  • F. Allegrini1,
  • P. Bochsler2,
  • M. Bzowski3,
  • M. Collier4,
  • H. Fahr5,
  • H. Fichtner6,
  • P. Frisch7,
  • H. O. Funsten8,
  • S. A. Fuselier9,
  • G. Gloeckler10,
  • M. Gruntman11,
  • V. Izmodenov12,
  • P. Knappenberger13,
  • M. Lee14,
  • S. Livi1,
  • D. Mitchell15,
  • E. Möbius14,
  • T. Moore4,
  • S. Pope1,
  • D. Reisenfeld8,
  • E. Roelof15,
  • J. Scherrer1,
  • N. Schwadron16,
  • R. Tyler17,
  • M. Wieser2,
  • M. Witte18,
  • P. Wurz2 &
  • …
  • G. Zank19 

Space Science Reviews volume 146, pages 11–33 (2009)Cite this article

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Abstract

The Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX) is a small explorer mission that launched on 19 October 2008 with the sole, focused science objective to discover the global interaction between the solar wind and the interstellar medium. IBEX is designed to achieve this objective by answering four fundamental science questions: (1) What is the global strength and structure of the termination shock, (2) How are energetic protons accelerated at the termination shock, (3) What are the global properties of the solar wind flow beyond the termination shock and in the heliotail, and (4) How does the interstellar flow interact with the heliosphere beyond the heliopause? The answers to these questions rely on energy-resolved images of energetic neutral atoms (ENAs), which originate beyond the termination shock, in the inner heliosheath. To make these exploratory ENA observations IBEX carries two ultra-high sensitivity ENA cameras on a simple spinning spacecraft. IBEX’s very high apogee Earth orbit was achieved using a new and significantly enhanced method for launching small satellites; this orbit allows viewing of the outer heliosphere from beyond the Earth’s relatively bright magnetospheric ENA emissions. The combination of full-sky imaging and energy spectral measurements of ENAs over the range from ∼10 eV to 6 keV provides the critical information to allow us to achieve our science objective and understand this global interaction for the first time. The IBEX mission was developed to provide the first global views of the Sun’s interstellar boundaries, unveiling the physics of the heliosphere’s interstellar interaction, providing a deeper understanding of the heliosphere and thereby astrospheres throughout the galaxy, and creating the opportunity to make even greater unanticipated discoveries.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, 78228, USA

    D. J. McComas, F. Allegrini, S. Livi, S. Pope & J. Scherrer

  2. University of Bern, Physikalisches Institut, Bern, Switzerland

    P. Bochsler, M. Wieser & P. Wurz

  3. Space Research Centre of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland

    M. Bzowski

  4. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, 20771, USA

    M. Collier & T. Moore

  5. University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany

    H. Fahr

  6. Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany

    H. Fichtner

  7. University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA

    P. Frisch

  8. Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA

    H. O. Funsten & D. Reisenfeld

  9. Lockheed Martin Advanced Technology Center, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA

    S. A. Fuselier

  10. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA

    G. Gloeckler

  11. University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA

    M. Gruntman

  12. Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

    V. Izmodenov

  13. Adler Planetarium, Chicago, IL, 60605, USA

    P. Knappenberger

  14. University of New Hampshire, Space Science Center, Morse Hall, Durham, NH, 03824, USA

    M. Lee & E. Möbius

  15. Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, MD, 20723, USA

    D. Mitchell & E. Roelof

  16. Boston University, 725 Commonwealth Ave, Boston, MA, 02215, USA

    N. Schwadron

  17. Orbital Sciences Corporation, Dulles, VA, 20166, USA

    R. Tyler

  18. Max Planck Institute Aeronomie, Katlenburg Lindau, Germany

    M. Witte

  19. University of Alabama, Huntsville, AL, 35899, USA

    G. Zank

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Open Access This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0 ), which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.

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McComas, D.J., Allegrini, F., Bochsler, P. et al. IBEX—Interstellar Boundary Explorer. Space Sci Rev 146, 11–33 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-009-9499-4

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  • Received: 17 November 2008

  • Accepted: 23 March 2009

  • Published: 18 April 2009

  • Issue Date: August 2009

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-009-9499-4

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Keywords

  • Interstellar boundary
  • Termination shock
  • Heliopause
  • Energetic Neutral Atom
  • ENA
  • LISM
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