Abstract
Mechanisms of thunderstorm electrification are presented and discussed.
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Saunders, C. Charge Separation Mechanisms in Clouds. Space Sci Rev 137, 335–353 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-008-9345-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-008-9345-0
Keywords
- Charge separation mechanisms: drop break-up, ion charging, convective charge transport, inductive processes
- Ice particle mechanisms: Workman–Reynolds freezing potentials, contact potentials, dislocation charges, temperature gradients, melting effects, ice splinter charges, fragmentation effects
- Ice crystal/graupel charging: thunderstorm observations, charging requirements, laboratory studies, ice/ice charging mechanism