Abstract
Fall armyworm (FAW) infestation in African countries presents significant threats to maize production. Such infestation has major economic implications in terms of the cost of measures taken at individual and international levels. Today’s problems cannot be solve with the same thinking which created them. Past interventions have generally resulted in policy revision from The MDGs to SDGs with little success. The complex nature of agri-business has necessitated the use of a systemic approach in solving operational problems. The study used a systemic approach to develop systems models that determine the components of current systems and its interaction with policies, social, environmental and economic dimensions of the agriculture industry. Results indicates that only by increasing our appreciation for “systemic approach” that addresses the needs of the present while safeguarding earth’s life-support system, can our social institutions achieve some modicum of effective control and stability. The systems models will help governments and agricultural proponents to anticipate the long-term consequences of their decisions and actions, as well as help to avoid any unintended consequences of policies and strategies such as ‘silo mentality’ and ‘organizational myopia’. As demonstrated in the aforementioned CLD and archetype, agriculture projects will continue to be the engine that develops and empowers the emerging and existing commercial business, and nation building across Africa. This systems thinking approach will provide more clarity in dealing with the complex management challenges and gradually replace the traditional theoretical approach of dealing with agricultural project management.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adeyemo OK (2003) Consequences of pollution and degradation of Nigerian aquatic environment on fisheries resources. Environmentalist 23:297–306
Ali A, Luttrell R, Pitre H, Davis F (1989) Distribution of fall armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) egg masses on cotton. Environ Entomol 18:881–885
AllAfrica (2018) U.S. Joins Africa's Fight to Stop Spread of Fall Armyworm. AllAfrica. https://allafrica.com/view/group/main/main/id/00060194.html. Accessed 21/11/2018 2018
Allan C, Stankey GH (2009) Adaptive environmental management vol 351. Springer
Allison HE, Hobbs RJ (2004) Resilience, adaptive capacity, and the lock-in trap of the Western Australian agricultural region. Ecol Soc 9
Amoah P, Drechsel P, Abaidoo R, Ntow W (2006) Pesticide and pathogen contamination of vegetables in Ghana’s urban markets. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 50:1–6
Aracil J, Ponce E, Pizarro L (1997) Behavior patterns of logistic models with a delay. Math Comput Simul 44:123–141
Armah FA, Yawson DO, Yengoh GT, Odoi JO, Afrifa EK (2010) Impact of floods on livelihoods and vulnerability of natural resource dependent communities in northern Ghana. Water 2:120–139
Asante S (2018) Ghana loses about US$64 million through armyworm infestation. Ghana news agency. http://www.ghananewsagency.org/economics/ghana-loses-about-us-64-million-through-armyworm-infestation-131261. Accessed 21/11/2018 2018
Ashley T, Wiseman B, Davis F, Andrews K (1989) The fall armyworm: a bibliography Florida Entomologist:152–202
Banson KE, Nguyen NC, Bosch OJ (2015a) A systems thinking approach:'the greater push model'for growth and sustainability in Africa-evidence from Ghana. International Journal of Markets and Business Systems 1:289–313
Banson KE, Nguyen NC, Bosch OJ, Nguyen TV (2015b) A systems thinking approach to address the complexity of agribusiness for sustainable development in Africa: a case study in Ghana. Syst Res Behav Sci 32:672–688
Banson KE, Nguyen NC, Bosch OJ (2016a) Systemic management to address the challenges facing the performance of agriculture in Africa: case study in Ghana. Syst Res Behav Sci 33:544–574
Banson KE, Nguyen NC, Bosch OJ (2016b) A systems thinking approach to the structure, conduct and performance of the agricultural sector in Ghana. Syst Res Behav Sci 35:39–57. https://doi.org/10.1002/sres.2437
Banson KE, Nguyen NC, Bosch OJ (2016c) Using system archetypes to identify drivers and barriers for sustainable agriculture in Africa: a case study in Ghana. Syst Res Behav Sci 33:79–99
Banson KE, Nguyen NC, Bosch OJ (2018a) A systems thinking approach to the structure, conduct and performance of the agricultural sector in Ghana. Syst Res Behav Sci 35:39–57
Banson KE, Nguyen NC, Sun D, Asare DK, Kodia SS, Afful I, Leigh J (2018b) Strategic Management for Systems Archetypes in the piggery industry of Ghana—a systems thinking perspective. Systems 4:1–35
Bempah CK, Buah-Kwofie A, Enimil E, Blewu B, Agyei-Martey G (2012) Residues of organochlorine pesticides in vegetables marketed in Greater Accra region of Ghana. Food Control 25:537–542
Beuchelt TD, Virchow D (2012) Food sovereignty or the human right to adequate food: which concept serves better as international development policy for global hunger and poverty reduction? Agric Hum Values 29:259–273
Bosch O, Nguyen N (2011) A new approach for cross sectoral and organizational collaboration and communication to deal with increasing complexity and promote effective change. In, 2011. IUAES/AAS/ASAANZ Conference,
Bosch O, Maani K, Smith C (2007) Systems thinking-Language of complexity for scientists and managers. In: Improving the Triple Bottom Line Returns from Small-scale Forestry, 2007. The University of Queensland, pp 57–66
Bosch O, Nguyen N, Sun D (2013a) Addressing the critical need for'New ways of Thinking'in managing complex issues in a socially responsible way business systems review (ISSN 2280-3866) 2:48-70
Bosch O, Nguyen N, Sun D (2013b) Addressing the critical need for a―new way of thinking‖ in dealing with complex issues facing our societies (Best Paper Award) Business Systems Review 2:48-70
Bosch OJ, Nguyen NC, Maeno T, Yasui T (2013c) Managing complex issues through evolutionary learning laboratories. Syst Res Behav Sci 30:116–135
Boskin MJ, Dulberger EL, Gordon RJ, Griliches Z, Jorgenson DW (1998) Consumer prices, the consumer price index, and the cost of living. J Econ Perspect 12:3–26
Brandt E (2006) Designing exploratory design games: a framework for participation in participatory design? In: Proceedings of the ninth conference on Participatory design: Expanding boundaries in design-Volume 1. ACM, pp 57–66
Braun W (2002) The system archetypes. System 2002:27
Caldwell R (2012) Systems thinking, organizational change and agency: a practice theory critique of Senge's learning organization. J Chang Manag 12:145–164
Capinera JL (2000) Fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith)(Insecta: Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). University of Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, EDIS,
Chapman J (2004) System failure: why governments must learn to think differently. Demos,
Checkland P (1985) From optimizing to learning: a development of systems thinking for the 1990s. J Oper Res Soc 36:757–767
Churchman CW (1979) The systems approach and its enemies
Confederation N (2005) The potential of system dynamics: a new era of strategic planning. Lead Edge 10:1–8
Daily Guide (2018) Plants Unit Monitor Fall Armyworms. Daily Guide. http://www.ghheadlines.com/agency/dailyguide/20180709/81748918/plants-unit-monitor-fall-armyworms. Accessed 24/04 2019
Daily Nation (2018) Armyworms are ravaging hundreds of farms; here’s how to defeat them. Kenya. https://www.nation.co.ke/business/seedsofgold/Armyworms-ravage-hundreds-of-farms/2301238-3881468-f4fmvyz/index.html. Accessed 21/11/2018 2018
Day R et al (2017) Fall armyworm: impacts and implications for Africa. Outlooks on Pest Management 28:196–201
Department of Agriculture and Fisheries (2018) A-Z list of predators, parasites and pathogens; NPV (nucleopolyhedrovirus). Queensland Government. https://www.daf.qld.gov.au/business-priorities/plants/field-crops-and-pastures/broadacre-field-crops/integrated-pest-management/a-z-of-predators,-parasites-and-pathogens/npv. Accessed 02/10 2018
Doss CR (2002) Men’s crops? Women’s crops? The gender patterns of cropping in Ghana World Development 30:1987–2000
Dunn WN (2018) PROBLEM STRUCTURING IN PUBLIC POLICY ANALYSIS. University of Pittsburgh. http://www.ippapublicpolicy.org/file/paper/5aeff35b03d17.pdf. Accessed 19/02/2019 2019
Everitt BJ, Robbins TW (2005) Neural systems of reinforcement for drug addiction: from actions to habits to compulsion. Nat Neurosci 8:1481
FAO (2017) Sustainable Management of the Fall Armyworm in Africa; FAO Programme for action. FAO, Rome
FAO (2018a) Achieving zero hunger in Africa by 2025 - taking stock of Progress. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome
FAO (2018b) Food chain crisis. FAO. http://www.fao.org/food-chain-crisis/how-we-work/plant-protection/fallarmyworm/en/. Accessed 21/11/2018 2018
FAOSTAT (2017) Crops. FAOSTAT. http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC. Accessed 21/11/2018 2018
Fliess M, Lévine J, Martin P, Rouchon P (1999) A lie-backlund approach to equivalence and flatness of nonlinear systems. IEEE Trans Autom Control 44:922–937
Flood RL (1991) Implementing total quality management through total systems intervention: a creative approach to problem solving in diagnostic biotechnology (PTE) ltd. In: Systems Thinking in Europe. Springer, pp 43–59
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2019) FAO, South Africa join hands to fight FAW through Technology. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. http://www.fao.org/africa/news/detail-news/en/c/1191377/. Accessed 29/04 2019
Ford FA (1999) Modeling the environment: an introduction to system dynamics models of environmental systems. Island press,
Freire P (2018) Pedagogy of the oppressed. Bloomsbury Publishing USA,
GhanaWeb (2017) Army worms invade farms in Ghana; threaten food security. Ghana Web. https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Army-worms-invade-farms-in-Ghana-threaten-food-security-535252#. Accessed 19/02/2019 2019
GhanaWeb (2018a) Armyworms Infestation: Charge Agriculture Minister for financial loss - CFAG President. GhanaWeb. https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Armyworms-Infestation-Charge-Agriculture-Minister-for-financial-loss-CFAG-President-643541. Accessed 13/09 2018
GhanaWeb (2018b) Fall armyworm causes Africa to lose over $13bn. GhanaWeb. https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Fall-armyworm-causes-Africa-to-lose-over-13bn-642242. Accessed 13/09 2018
GhanaWeb (2018c) Ghana loses about US$64 million through armyworm infestation. GhanaWeb. https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Ghana-loses-about-US-64-million-through-armyworm-infestation-642760. Accessed 13/09 2018
Gladwin TN, Kennelly JJ, Krause T-S (1995) Shifting paradigms for sustainable development: implications for management theory and research. Acad Manag Rev 20:874–907
Gladwin CH, Thomson AM, Peterson JS, Anderson AS (2001) Addressing food security in Africa via multiple livelihood strategies of women farmers. Food Policy 26:177–207
Godfray HCJ et al (2010) Food security: the challenge of feeding 9 billion people. Science 327:812–818
Goergen G, Kumar PL, Sankung SB, Togola A, Tamò M (2016) First report of outbreaks of the fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae), a new alien invasive pest in west and Central Africa. PLoS One 11:e0165632
Graphic Online (2018) Mass tilapia death: embargo on 2 Chinese farms at Asutuare. Graphic Online. https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/mass-tilapia-death-govt-put-embargo-on-two-chinese-farms.html. Accessed October 2018
Griggs D et al (2013) Policy: sustainable development goals for people and planet. Nature 495:305
Grohs JR, Kirk GR, Soledad MM, Knight DB (2018) Assessing systems thinking: A tool to measure complex reasoning through ill-structured problems. Think Skills Creat 28:110–130
GSS (2014) Ghana demographic and health survey, 2003. Ghana Statistical Service. http://www.statsghana.gov.gh/pop_stats.html. Accessed 02/10 2018
Hammond D (2005) Philosophical and ethical foundations of systems thinking tripleC: communication. Capitalism & Critique Open Access Journal for a Global Sustainable Information Society 3:20–27
Haraldsson HV (2000) Introduction to systems and causal loop diagrams system dynamic course. Lund University, Sweden, Lumes
Hatanaka M, Bain C, Busch L (2005) Third-party certification in the global agrifood system. Food Policy 30:354–369
Hjorth P, Bagheri A (2006) Navigating towards sustainable development: a system dynamics approach. Futures 38:74–92
IFPRI (2018) Malawi's new reality: fall armyworm is here to stay. IFPRI. http://www.ifpri.org/blog/malawis-new-reality-fall-armyworm-here-stay. Accessed 21/11/2018 2018
Jabeen F, Chaudhry AS, Manzoor S, Shaheen T (2015) Examining pyrethroids, carbamates and neonicotenoids in fish, water and sediments from the Indus River for potential health risks. Environ Monit Assess 187:29
Jackson MC (2001) Critical systems thinking and practice. Eur J Oper Res 128:233–244
Jackson MC (2003) Systems thinking: creative holism for managers. Citeseer,
Jackson MC (2010) Reflections on the development and contribution of critical systems thinking and practice. Systems Research and Behavioral Science: The Official Journal of the International Federation for Systems Research 27:133–139
Johnson S (1987) Migration and the life history strategy of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda in the Western hemisphere. International Journal of Tropical Insect Science 8:543–549
Jones NA, Ross H, Lynam T, Perez P, Leitch A (2011) Mental models: an interdisciplinary synthesis of theory and methods. Ecol Soc 16
Kahneman D, Egan P (2011) Thinking, fast and slow vol 1. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, New York
Kardaras D, Karakostas B (1999) The use of fuzzy cognitive maps to simulate the information systems strategic planning process. Inf Softw Technol 41:197–210
Kebede M (2018) Out-break, Distribution and Management of fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith in Africa: The Status and Prospects. Academy of Agriculture Journal, 3(10)
Kim DH (1993) Systems archetypes I: diagnosing systemic issues and designing high-leverage interventions. Pegasus Communications,
Kim DH (1999) Introduction to systems thinking vol 16. Pegasus Communications, Waltham
Koranteng KA (2018a) Farmers crying over fall Army worm invasion. Fair Planet. https://www.fairplanet.org/story/farmers-crying-over-fall-army-worm-invasion/. Accessed 11 October 2018
Koranteng KA (2018b) Farmers crying over fall Army worm invasion. Fairplanet. https://www.fairplanet.org/story/farmers-crying-over-fall-army-worm-invasion/. Accessed 21/11/2018 2018
Kunc M (2017) System dynamics: soft and hard operational research. Springer,
Lambert VA, Lambert CE (2012) Qualitative descriptive research: an acceptable design Pacific rim. International Journal of Nursing Research 16:255–256
Lannon C (2012) Causal loop construction: the basics
Lim MML, Jørgensen PS, Wyborn CA (2018) Reframing the sustainable development goals to achieve sustainable development in the Anthropocene—a systems approach. Ecol Soc 23:22
Lovelock JE, Whitfield M (1982) Life span of the biosphere. Nature 296:561
Luchen SWS (2018) Fall Army Worm: threat, economic impact, surveillance and management. FAO. https://www.ippc.int/static/media/files/publication/en/2017/.../Fall_Army_Worm.pptx. Accessed 21/11/2018 2018
Maani KE, Cavana RY (2000) Systems thinking and modelling: understanding change and complexity. Prentice hall,
Maani K, Cavana RY (2007) Systems thinking, system dynamics: Managing change and complexity. 2nd edn. Prentice Hall, North Shore, N.Z. : Pearson Education New Zealand
Maes S (2018) This invasive Pest is threatening India's food security. Food and hunger. https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/an-invasive-pest-threatens-food-security-in-india/. Accessed 21/11/2018 2018
Masweneng K (2017) Warning on threat to SA’s food security by invading fall armyworms. Businesslive. https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2017-01-26-warning-on-threat-to-sas-food-security-by-invading-fall-armyworms/. Accessed 13/09 2018
Mingers J, White L (2010) A review of the recent contribution of systems thinking to operational research and management science. Eur J Oper Res 207:1147–1161
Mirchi A, Madani K, Watkins D, Ahmad S (2012) Synthesis of system dynamics tools for holistic conceptualization of water resources problems. Water Resour Manag 26:2421–2442
MOFA (2017) The fall armyworm an enemy to food security in Ghana. MOFA. http://mofa.gov.gh/site/?p=15078. Accessed 21/11/2018 2018
Nagoshi RN, Fleischer S, Meagher RL (2009) Texas is the overwintering source of fall armyworm in Central Pennsylvania: implications for migration into the northeastern United States. Environ Entomol 38:1546–1554
Nguyen NC, Bosch OJ (2013) A systems thinking approach to identify leverage points for sustainability: a case study in the cat Ba biosphere reserve, Vietnam. Syst Res Behav Sci 30:104–115
Nguyen NC, Bosch OJ, Maani KE (2011) Creating ‘learning laboratories’ for sustainable development in biospheres: a systems thinking approach. Syst Res Behav Sci 28:51–62
Nguyen NC, Graham D, Ross H, Maani K, Bosch O (2012) Educating systems thinking for sustainability: experience with a developing country. Syst Res Behav Sci 29:14–29
Nguyen NC, Bosch OJ, Ong FY, Seah JS, Succu A, Nguyen TV, Banson KE (2016) A systemic approach to understand smartphone usage in Singapore. Syst Res Behav Sci 33:360–380
Noe RA, Hollenbeck JR, Gerhart B, Wright PM (2017) Human resource management: gaining a competitive advantage. McGraw-Hill Education, New York
Otte M, Nugent R, McLeod A (2004) Transboundary animal diseases: assessment of socio-economic impacts and institutional responses Rome. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Italy
Polasky S, Carpenter SR, Folke C, Keeler B (2011) Decision-making under great uncertainty: environmental management in an era of global change. Trends Ecol Evol 26:398–404
Prasanna B, Huesing J, Eddy R, Peschke V (2018) Fall armyworm in Africa: a guide for integrated pest management
Refsgaard JC, van der Sluijs JP, Højberg AL, Vanrolleghem PA (2007) Uncertainty in the environmental modelling process–a framework and guidance. Environ Model Softw 22:1543–1556
Richmond B (1993) Systems thinking: critical thinking skills for the 1990s and beyond. Syst Dyn Rev 9:113–133
Rivera-Ferre M, Ortega-Cerdà M, Baumgärtner J (2013) Rethinking study and management of agricultural systems for policy design. Sustainability 5:3858–3875
Rose A, Silversides R, Lindquist O (1975) Migration flight by an aphid, Rhopalosiphum maidis (Hemiptera: Aphididae), and a noctuid, Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Can Entomol 107:567–576
Rubenstein-Montano B, Liebowitz J, Buchwalter J, McCaw D, Newman B, Rebeck K, Team TKMM (2001) A systems thinking framework for knowledge management. Decis Support Syst 31:5–16
SARI (2017) N/R: Savannah Agric research Inst engage farmers on fall armyworm. SARI. http://3news.com/nr-savannah-agric-research-inst-engage-farmers-on-fall-armyworm/. Accessed 13/08 2018
Senge PM (2006) The fifth discipline: the art & practice of the learning organization. Crown Business,
Senge PM, Sterman JD (1992) Systems thinking and organizational learning: acting locally and thinking globally in the organization of the future. Eur J Oper Res 59:137–150
Sherwood D (2002) Seeing the forest for the trees: a manager's guide to applying systems thinking. Nicholas Brealey Publishing,
Sterman J (2002) System dynamics: systems thinking and modeling for a complex world
Sterman JD (2006) Learning from evidence in a complex world. Am J Public Health 96:505–514
Stroh DP (2015) Systems thinking for social change: a practical guide to solving complex problems, avoiding unintended consequences, and achieving lasting results. Chelsea Green Publishing,
Tamakloe S (2018) Fall armyworm causes Africa to lose over $13bn. Joy Online. https://www.myjoyonline.com/business/2018/April-11th/fall-armyworm-causes-africa-to-lose-over-13bn.php. Accessed 21/11/2018 2018
Tanko B (2017) The fall armyworm an enemy to food security in Ghana. MOFA. http://mofa.gov.gh/site/?p=15078. Accessed 13/08 2018
Tip T (2011) Guidelines for drawing causal loop diagrams Systems Thinker 22
Toole TM A project management causal loop diagram. In: ARCOM Twenty First Annual Conference, 2005
Van Nguyen Q, Nguyen NC (2013) Systems thinking methodology in researching the impacts of climate change on livestock industry. Journal of Vietnamese Environment 4:20–27
Von Bertalanffy L (1968) General system theory New York 41973:40
Von Bertalanffy L (1972) The history and status of general systems theory. Acad Manag J 15:407–426
Walters C (1997) Challenges in adaptive management of riparian and coastal ecosystems Conservation ecology 1
Wanner RT, Franceschi J (1995) Business process reengineering for quality improvement. RELIABILITY ANALYSIS CENTER GRIFFISS AFB NY,
Williams AP (2001) A belief-focused process model of organizational learning. J Manag Stud 38:67–85
Wilson JA (2002) Scientific uncertainty, complex systems, and the design of common-pool institutions. National Research Council,
Yim N-H, Kim S-H, Kim H-W, Kwahk K-Y (2004) Knowledge based decision making on higher level strategic concerns: system dynamics approach. Expert Syst Appl 27:143–158
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to express a great gratitude to GAFA farmers and BNARI for their time, willingness and contributions to this study.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Banson, K.E., Asare, D.K., Dery, F.D. et al. Impact of Fall Armyworm on Farmer’s Maize: Systemic Approach. Syst Pract Action Res 33, 237–264 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11213-019-09489-6
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11213-019-09489-6