Abstract
This paper is concerned with the many interleaving issues that emerge when engaging multiple stakeholders in decision-making. Whilst recognising the intrinsic value of group work and keeping in mind the numerous issues that obstruct group work (including multiple roles for participants, bias due to domination and distortion emerging from uneven group inputs), we applied the Imagine method to propose a new framework—the ‘Multiple Formation Consultation Framework’ (MFCF)—for organising effective multi-stakeholder consultations along the Policy Sciences Framework. Our proposed framework was applied in the context of education policy in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi, where 24 small group formations were tasked and assessed in a systemic manner. Evidence from the exercise suggests that: (1) when moving participants from heterogeneous to homogenous groups, the working of the groups became more focused and the outcomes gained greater clarity in terms of the thinking of group members. (2) Yet, when groups moved from homogenous formations to heterogeneous, they became more inquisitive and explored broader aspects of the tasks at hand. (3) A repeat of the process over 2-day period where different members of the groups experience both homogenous and heterogeneous formations back and forth (in order to capture the unique value emerging from each composition) have led to more efficient and effective working and outcomes of the groups.
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Notes
Needless to say, however, there have been some exceptions to such a growing trend even in some of the world’s most democratic constitutions. For example, consider the Education Act 2002—an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom—which has transformed state-funded schools into independent institutions. Such independence was secured by removing the powers of local governments to intervene in policy and practice of local education. Whist this Act works in favour for schools that have innovative ideas to improve education, it imposes minimum standards in areas related to health, safety and space requirements (HM Government 2002).
A case in point is growing public participation in scientific research, sometimes referred to as ‘crowd-source science’, where amateur scientists collaborate with professional scientists in research that has been facilitated by advances in technology and has seen non-scientists become more involved in decision-making and policy formulation, including contributing to decisions concerning the development and application of science and technology in society (McCallie et al. 2009).
Deliberative approaches to public participation require participants to be provided with information about the issues being considered. They are encouraged to discuss and challenge this information, exchange opinions and viewpoints and weigh and balance arguments before making a final decision regarding specific or alternative policy options.
‘Group norms’ can be defined as a standard or rule that is accepted by members of the group as applying to themselves and other group members, prescribing appropriate thought and behaviour within the group (Postmes et al. 2001: 919).
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Mahroum, S., Bell, S., Al-Saleh, Y. et al. Towards an Effective Multi-Stakeholder Consultation Process: Applying the Imagine Method in Context of Abu Dhabi’s Education Policy. Syst Pract Action Res 29, 335–353 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11213-016-9367-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11213-016-9367-6