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Justice for All? Factors Affecting Perceptions of Environmental and Ecological Injustice

Social Justice Research volume 27, pages 67–98 (2014)Cite this article

Abstract

Moving beyond the typical focus on individual injustices, we examine individual-level and contextual factors affecting perceptions of justice with regard to the environment. Specifically, we examine decision-making procedures pertaining to environmental resource use and harms across groups of people; the distribution of environmental harms; and the direct treatment of the natural environment (i.e., procedural environmental justice, distributive environmental injustice, and ecological injustice, respectively). To test our hypotheses, we use data from a survey administered to a cohort of first-year college students at a southeastern university. Results demonstrate that environmental identity and perceptions of the extent to which the university context encourages sustainability consistently enhance perceptions of all three types of justice. Other factors differentially affect each type of justice. We discuss the importance of the patterns that emerge for environmental and sustainability education and speculate on the implications of moving from thinking about (in)justice related to the environment as an individual issue to one of the collectivity.

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Notes

  1. A possible exception is the unlikely case that a student comes from a community that is directly affected by environmental burdens. As evidenced in the “Methods” section, this is unlikely given the racial and socio-economic characteristics of participants in this sample.

  2. Our analysis includes demographic characteristics (gender, race, income level, and parents’ education level) as controls. We also control on past ERBs because they may be both antecedents and consequences of justice evaluations.

  3. Although empirical findings are consistent with regard to the relationship between political liberalism and environmental concerns, studies on the impact of political party affiliation provide mixed results (e.g., Buttel & Flinn, 1978; Dillman & Christensen, 1972; Uyeki & Holland, 2000; Van Liere & Dunlap, 1980). Given the unclear effects of political party on environmental concerns and the youth of the college students in our study, we focus on their nascent political beliefs rather than any potential or future affiliation with political parties.

  4. This paper uses data from a trend study examining the effects of living in green dorms on environmental behaviors.

  5. We ran all analyses also using a ten-item environmental identity scale. No discernible differences emerged in the pattern of findings for each model.

  6. We ran two additional models with an interaction terms. First, we included an interaction for perceived university context and political liberalism. Second, we included an interaction for environmental identity and political liberalism. Neither of these interactions was significant, nor did they change the general pattern of findings from Model 3.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Sociology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30306, USA

    Christie L. Parris, Karen A. Hegtvedt, Lesley A. Watson & Cathryn Johnson

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  1. Christie L. Parris
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  2. Karen A. Hegtvedt
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  3. Lesley A. Watson
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Correspondence to Christie L. Parris.

Appendix

Appendix

Dependent Variables

How much do you agree or disagree with each of the following statements? (1 = strongly disagree, 7 = strongly agree)

Procedural Environmental Justice (α = .771)

  1. 1.

    Decisions about where to situate polluting industries should take into account the opinions of the people who would live near those sites.

  2. 2.

    Equal treatment of all people should be considered when decision makers are solving environmental problems.

  3. 3.

    People have a general responsibility to conserve environmental resources for future generations.

Distributive Environmental Injustice (r = .536, p ≤ .001)

  1. 1.

    Environmental damage generated here in the US harms people all over the world.

  2. 2.

    Poor neighborhoods are unfairly disadvantaged in terms of exposure to environmental hazards.

Ecological Injustice (α = .825)

  1. 1.

    Humans are severely abusing the environment.

  2. 2.

    The greenhouse effect is dangerous to the environment.

  3. 3.

    Pesticides and chemicals are dangerous to the environment.

Independent Variables

Motivations

In thinking about what you can do for the environment, do you…? (1 = not at all, 7 = a great deal)

Facilitating (α = .747)

  1. 1.

    Genuinely believe that such action will make the world a better place.

  2. 2.

    Anticipate personal or spiritual rewards.

  3. 3.

    Feel a sense of responsibility.

Inhibiting (r = .507, p ≤ .001)

  1. 1.

    Think the problem is not as serious as some make it out to be (e.g., media, environmentalists).

  2. 2.

    Think it takes too much time (i.e., is inconvenient).

Political Liberalism

Where would you place yourself on a liberal/conservative scale of political attitudes? (1 = Extremely Conservative, 7 = Extremely Liberal)

Environmental Identity (α = .882)

How “true” of you are each of the following statements? (1 = not at all true, 7 = completely true)

  1. 1.

    Engaging in environmental behaviors is important to me.

  2. 2.

    I think of myself as a part of nature, not separate from it.

  3. 3.

    Being a part of the ecosystem is an important part of who I am.

  4. 4.

    I feel that I have roots to a particular geographic location that had a significant impact on my development.

  5. 5.

    In general, being part of the natural world is an important part of my self-image.

  6. 6.

    My own interests usually seem to coincide with the position advocated by environmentalists.

Residence Hall Assignment

“What dorm do you live in?” (Conventional Dorm = 0, Green Dorm = 1)

Perceptions of Peer Behavior (α = .905)

How much do the people who live on your hall…? (1 = not at all 7 = a great deal)

  1. 1.

    Conserve water.

  2. 2.

    Conserve energy (e.g., electrical).

  3. 3.

    Turn off lights when exiting a room.

  4. 4.

    Turn off the faucet when brushing teeth.

  5. 5.

    Recycle paper.

  6. 6.

    Recycle containers.

  7. 7.

    Advocate for environmental solutions.

  8. 8.

    Belong to environmental groups.

Perceptions of University Context (α = .943)

How much does [university] encourage students to…? (1 = not at all, 7 = a great deal)

  1. 1.

    Conserve water.

  2. 2.

    Conserve energy (e.g., electrical).

  3. 3.

    Turn off lights when exiting a room.

  4. 4.

    Use alternative forms of transportation (e.g., bicycling and campus shuttles).

  5. 5.

    Recycle paper.

  6. 6.

    Recycle containers (e.g., plastic, glass, and aluminum).

  7. 7.

    Belong to environmental groups.

  8. 8.

    Advocate for environmental solutions.

Controls

Gender: 0 = male, 1 = female

Race: 0 = nonwhite, 1 = white

Income: What is your parents’ estimated annual combined income?

1. Less than 25,000

5. $100,001–$150,000

2. $25,001–$50,000

6. $150,001–$200,000

3. $50,001–$75,000

7. $200,001–$250,000

4. $75,001–$100,000

8. More than $250,000

Mother’s/Father’s Education: What is the highest level of school that your mother (father) or female (male) guardian has completed?

  1. 0.

    N/A.

  2. 1.

    High school graduate/GED/less than high school.

  3. 2.

    Technical/vocational.

  4. 3.

    Some college or associates degree.

  5. 4.

    Bachelor’s degree.

  6. 5.

    Master’s degree (e.g., MA, MBA, MPH, MSW).

  7. 6.

    Professional school degree (e.g., MD, JD, DVM, DDS).

  8. 7.

    Doctorate degree (e.g., PhD, EdD).

Environmentally Responsible Behaviors (α = .874)

“During the last 6 months, how often did you…?” (1 = never, 7 = always)

  1. 1.

    Turn off the faucet while brushing your teeth.

  2. 2.

    Turn off lights when exiting a room.

  3. 3.

    Walk, ride a bike, or take public transportation instead of driving or riding in a car.

  4. 4.

    Unplug chargers for phones, iPods, etc., when not in use.

  5. 5.

    Carpool to a destination.

  6. 6.

    Recycle paper.

  7. 7.

    Recycle containers (e.g., plastic, glass, and aluminum).

  8. 8.

    Advocate for solutions to environmental problems.

  9. 9.

    Attend a meeting or event sponsored by an environmental group.

  10. 10.

    Encourage family members to recycle.

  11. 11.

    Encourage friends to recycle.

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Parris, C.L., Hegtvedt, K.A., Watson, L.A. et al. Justice for All? Factors Affecting Perceptions of Environmental and Ecological Injustice. Soc Just Res 27, 67–98 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11211-013-0200-4

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Keywords

  • Environmental justice
  • Environmental motivations
  • Political liberalism
  • Environmental identity
  • Legitimacy
  • Sustainability efforts