Behavioral responses to social norm violation, such as those described in non-human primates by Brosnan, require, at the very least, attention to social cues, sensitivity to change (e.g., disappointment), and behavioral inhibition. Neurobiological evidence suggests that these various processes are instantiated in neural circuits localized to the parietal cortex, the striatum, and prefrontal cortex, respectively. Here we provide a brief overview of these neural mechanisms, which are likely to be involved in the perception of, and reaction to, social inequity.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Allison T., Ginter H., McCarthy G., Nobre A. C., Puce A., Luby M., Spencer D. D. (1994). Face recognition in human extrastriate cortex. J. Neurophysiol, 71(2): 821–825
Allison T., Puce A., McCarthy G. (2000). Social perception from visual cues: role of the STS region. Trends Cogn. Sci., 4(7): 267–278
Allman J., Hakeem A., Watson K. (2002). Two phylogenetic specializations in the human brain. Neuroscientist, 8(4): 335–346
Aron, A., Fisher, H. E., Mashek, D. J., Strong, G., Li, H. F., Brown, L. L. (2005). Reward, motivation and emotion systems associated with early-stage intense romantic love. J. Neurophysiol. [Epub ahead of print].
Belin P., Zatorre R. J., Lafaille P., Ahad P., Pike B. (2000). Voice-selective areas in human auditory cortex. Nature 403(6767): 309–312
Brosnan,S. F. (2006). Nonhuman species’ reactions to inequity and their implications for fairness. Soc. Justice Res., this issue
Deaner R. O., Platt M. L. (2003). Reflexive social attention in monkeys and humans. Curr. Biol. 13: 1609–1613
Deaner R. O., Khera A. V., Platt M. L. (2005). Monkeys pay per view: adaptive valuation of social images by rhesus macaques. Curr. Biol. 15(6): 543–548
Deaner, R. O., Klein, J. T., and Platt M. L. (2005). Gaze-following modulates neuronal activity in macaque area LIP. Program No. 286.9. 2005 Abstract Viewer/Itinerary Planner. Washington, DC: Society for Neuroscience
Eifuku S., De Souza W. C., Tamura R., Nishijo H., Ono T. (2004). Neuronal correlates of face identification in the monkey anterior temporal cortical areas. J. Neurophysiol. 91(1): 358–371
Fecteau S., Armony J. L., Joanette Y., Belin P. (2004). Is voice processing species-specific in human auditory cortex? An fMRI study. Neuroimage 23(3): 840–848
Friesen C. K., Kingstone A. (2003a). Abrupt onsets and gaze direction cues trigger independent reflexive attentional effects. Cognition 87(1): B1–B10
Friesen C. K., Kingstone A. (2003b). Covert and overt orienting to gaze direction cues and the effects of fixation offset. Neuroreport 14(3): 489–493
Gallese V., Goldman A. (1999). Mirror neurons and the simulation theory of mind-reading. Trends Cogn. Sci. 2: 493–500
Gallese V., Fadiga L., Fogassi L., Rizzolatti G. (1996). Action recognition in the premotor cortex. Brain 119: 593–609 Part 2
Ghazanfar A. A., Maier J. X., Hoffman K. L., Logothetis N.K. (2005). Multisensory integration of dynamic faces and voices in rhesus monkey auditory cortex. J. Neurosci. 25(20): 5004–5012
Ghiselin M. (1973). Darwin and evolutionary psychology. Science 179(4077): 964–968
Greene J. D., Sommerville R. B., Nystrom L. E., Darley J. M., Cohen J. D. (2001). An fMRI investigation of emotional engagement in moral judgment. Science 293: 2105–2107
Grill-Spector K., Knouf N., Kanwisher N. (2004). The fusiform face area subserves face perception, not generic within-category identification. Nat. Neurosci. 7(5): 555–562
Hadland K. A., Rushworth M. F., Gaffan D., Passingham R. E. (2003). The anterior cingulate and reward-guided selection of actions. J. Neurophysiol. 89(2):1161–1164
Hamann S., Herman R. A., Nolan C. L., Wallen K. (2004). Men and women differ in amygdala response to visual sexual stimuli. Nat. Neurosci. 7(4): 411–416
Hoffman E. A., Haxby J.V. (2000). Distinct representations of eye gaze and identity in the distributed human neural system for face perception. Nat. Neurosci. 3(1): 80–84
Hutchison W. D., Davis K. D., Lozano A. M., Tasker R. R., Dostrovsky J. O. (1999). Pain-related neurons in the human cingulate cortex. Nat. Neurosci. 2: 403–405
Kampe, K. K., Frith, C. D., Dolan, R. J. and Frith, U. (2001). Reward value of attractiveness and gaze. Nature 413(6856): 589
Kanwisher N., McDermott J., Chun M. M. (1997). The fusiform face area: a module in human extrastriate cortex specialized for face perception. J. Neurosci. 17(11): 4302–4311
Keating C. F., Keating E. G. (1993). Monkeys and mug shots: cues used by rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) to recognize a human face. J. Comp. Psychol. 107(2): 131–139
Kennerley, S. W., Walton, M. E., Behrens, T. E., Buckley, M. J., and Rushworth, M. F. (2006). Optimal decision making and the anterior cingulate cortex. Nat. Neurosci., 9(7): 940-947
King-Casas B., Tomlin D., Anen C., Camerer C. F., Quartz S. R., Montague P. R. (2005). Getting to know you: reputation and trust in a two-person economic exchange. Science 308(5718): 78–83
Kreiman G., Koch C., Fried I. (2000). Category-specific visual responses of single neurons in the human medial temporal lobe. Nat Neurosci. 3(9): 946–953
McCoy A. N., Crowley J. C., Dean H. L., Haghighian G., Platt M. L. (2003). Saccade reward signals in posterior cingulate cortex. Neuron 40: 1031–1040
McCoy, A. N., Platt, M. L. (2005). Risk-sensitive neurons in macaque posterior cingulate cortex. Nat. Neurosci., 8(9):1220-1227
Pelphrey, K. A., Mack, P. B., Song, A., Guzeldere, G., McCarthy, G. (2003). Faces evoke spatially differentiated patterns of BOLD activation and deactivation. Neuroreport, 14(7): 955–959
Perrett D. I., Smith P. A., Potter D. D., Mistlin A. J., Head A. S., Milner A. D., Jeeves M. A. (1985). Visual cells in the temporal cortex sensitive to face view and gaze direction. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 223(1232): 293–317
Poremba A., Malloy M., Saunders R. C., Carson R. E., Herscovitch P., Mishkin M. (2004). Species-specific calls evoke asymmetric activity in the monkey’s temporal poles. Nature 427(6973): 448–451
de Quervain D. J., Fischbacher U., Treyer V., Schellhammer M., Schnyder U., Buck A., Fehr E. (2004). The neural basis of altruistic punishment. Science 305(5688): 1254–1258
Rescorla, R. A., Wagner, A. R. (1972). A theory of Pavolvian conditioning: variations in the effectiveness of reinforcement and non-reinforcement. In: Black, A. and Prokasy, W. F. (eds). Classical Conditioning II: Current Research and Theory, Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York, pp. 64–99
Rilling J., Gutman D., Zeh T., Pagnoni G., Berns G., Kilts C. (2002). A neural basis for social cooperation. Neuron 35: 395–405
Rizzolatti G., Craighero L. (2004). The mirror-neuron system. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 27: 169–192
Rizzolatti G., Fadiga L., Gallese V., Fogassi L. (1996). Premotor cortex and the recognition of motor actions. Cog. Brain Res. 3(2): 131–141
Roberts A. C., Wallis J. D. (2000). Inhibitory control and affective processing in the prefrontal cortex: Neuropsychological studies in the common marmoset. Cereb. Cortex 10(3): 252–262
Sanfey A. G., Rilling J. K., Aronson J. A., Nystrom L. E., Cohen J. D. (2003). The neural basis of economic decision-making in the Ultimatum Game. Science 300(5626): 1755–1758
Schultz W. (2004). Neural coding of basic reward terms of animal learning theory, game theory, microeconomics and behavioural ecology. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 14(2): 139–147
Schultz W., Dayan P., Montague P. R. (1997). A neural substrate of prediction and reward. Science 275(5306): 1593–1599 Review
Shima K., Tanji J. (1998). Role for cingulate motor area cells in voluntary movement selection based on reward. Science 282(5392): 1335–1338
Subiaul F., Cantlon J. F., Holloway R. L., et al. (2004). Cognitive imitation in rhesus macaques. Science 305(5682): 407–410
Sutton, R. S. and Barto, A. G. (1990) In: Gabriel, M. and Moore, J. (eds.), Learning and Computational Neuroscience: Foundations of Adaptive Networks, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, pp. 497-537
Tian B., Reser D., Durham A., Kustov A., Rauschecker J. P. (2001). Functional specialization in rhesus monkey auditory cortex. Science 292(5515): 290–293
Tinklepaugh O. L. (1928). An experimental study of representative factors in monkeys. J. Comp. Psychol. 8: 197–236
Tsao D. Y., Freiwald W. A., Knutsen T. A., Mandeville J. B., Tootell R. B. (2003). Faces and objects in macaque cerebral cortex. Nat. Neurosci. 6(9): 989–995
Wynne C. D. (2004). Animal behaviour: fair refusal by capuchin monkeys. Nature 428(6979): 140 discussion 140
Yarbus, A., (1967). Eye Movements and Vision, Plenum Press
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Watson, K., Platt, M.L. Fairness and the Neurobiology of Social Cognition: Commentary on “Nonhuman species’ reactions to inequity and their implications for fairness” by Sarah Brosnan. Soc Just Res 19, 186–193 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11211-006-0008-6
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11211-006-0008-6