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The Eruption of 22 April 2021 as Observed by Solar Orbiter: Continuous Magnetic Reconnection and Heating After the Impulsive Phase

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Abstract

We report on one of the first solar-eruptive events that was simultaneously observed by three of the remote-sensing instruments onboard Solar Orbiter during the cruise phase. The Extreme Ultraviolet Imager (EUI) observed an eruption on 22 April 2021. The corresponding CME was recorded by the coronagraph Metis. Finally, the Spectrometer/Telescope for Imaging X-rays (STIX) sampled the associated X-ray flare, which was partially occulted. From the Earth, the eruption-source region was observed close to disk center.

We provide an analysis of the eruption as observed by these various instruments. In particular, we show that in this eruption, continuous magnetic reconnection and heating have to be present even well after the impulsive phase. The need for this is derived from multiple independent lines of evidence – using both flare and CME observations – that have not been reported before for a single event. The combination of data from Solar Orbiter, as well as other space-based assets, clearly showcases the scientific potential for the science phase of Solar Orbiter, and the unique observations available.

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  1. http://hesperia.gsfc.nasa.gov/ssw/packages/spex/doc/.

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Acknowledgments

Solar Orbiter is a space mission of international collaboration between ESA and NASA, operated by ESA. The EUI instrument was built by CSL, IAS, MPS, MSSL/UCL, PMOD/WRC, ROB, and LCF/IO with funding from the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office (BELPSO); the Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales (CNES); the UK Space Agency (UKSA); the Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Energie (BMWi) through the Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR); and the Swiss Space Office (SSO). Metis was built and operated with funding from the Italian Space Agency (ASI), under contracts to the National Institute of Astrophysics (INAF) and industrial partners. Metis was built with hardware contributions from Germany (Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Energie through DLR), from the Czech Republic (PRODEX), and from ESA. The STIX instrument is an international collaboration between Switzerland, Poland, France, Czech Republic, Germany, Austria, Ireland, and Italy. These results were also obtained in the framework of the projects C14/19/089 (C1 project Internal Funds KU Leuven), G.0D07.19N (FWO-Vlaanderen), SIDC Data Exploitation (ESA Prodex-12), and BelSPo projects BR/165/A2/CCSOM and B2/191/P1/SWiM. The ROB team thanks the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office (BELSPO) for the provision of financial support in the framework of the PRODEX Programme of the European Space Agency (ESA) under contract numbers 4000134088, 4000112292, 4000134474, and 4000136424. The work of F.S. was supported by DLR grant No. 50 OT 1904. O.P. is grateful to the German Leibniz Association. L.A.H. is supported by an ESA Research Fellowship. A.M.V and E.C.M.D acknowledge the Austrian Science Fund (FWF): I4555-N. P.M., M.P., and F.B. acknowledge the financial contribution from the agreement ASI-INAF n.2018-16-HH.0. C.M. was funded by the European Union. Views and opinions expressed are, however, those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or the European Research Council Executive Agency. Neither the European Union nor the granting authority can be held responsible for them. The EUI dataset presented in this paper has been distributed as part of the EUI Data Release 5.0 and is freely accessible through DOI.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Solar-Terrestrial Centre of Excellence – SIDC, Royal Observatory of Belgium, Avenue Circulaire 3, 1180, Brussels, Belgium

    L. Rodriguez, M. Mierla, A. N. Zhukov, D. Shukhobodskaia, A. Niemela, A. Maharana, E. D’Huys, D. Berghmans, M. Dominique, S. Gissot, A. C. Katsiyannis, E. Kraaikamp, J. Magdalenić, B. Nicula, K. Stegen & C. Verbeeck

  2. Leibniz Institute for Astrophysics Potsdam (AIP), An der Sternwarte 16, 14482, Potsdam, Germany

    A. Warmuth, G. Mann, O. Podladchikova & F. Schuller

  3. INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Salita Moiariello 16, I-80131, Naples, Italy

    V. Andretta & C. Sasso

  4. Institute of Geodynamics of the Romanian Academy, 020032, Bucharest-37, Romania

    M. Mierla

  5. Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Moscow State University, 119992, Moscow, Russia

    A. N. Zhukov

  6. CmPA/Department of Mathematics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 B, 3001, Leuven, Belgium

    A. Niemela, A. Maharana & J. Magdalenić

  7. Southwest Research Institute, 1050 Walnut Street, Suite 300, Boulder, CO, 80302, USA

    M. J. West

  8. Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, PO Box 64, 00014, Helsinki, Finland

    E. K. J. Kilpua

  9. Austrian Space Weather Office, Zentralanstalt für Meteorologie und Geodynamik, 8020, Graz, Austria

    C. Möstl

  10. Institute of Physics, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 5, 8010, Graz, Austria

    A. M. Veronig & E. C. M. Dickson

  11. Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91405, Orsay, France

    F. Auchère

  12. Institute for Data Science (I4DS), University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Bahnhofstrasse 6, 5210, Windisch, Switzerland

    A. F. Battaglia

  13. Institute for Particle Physics and Astrophysics (IPA), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich (ETHZ), Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 27, 8039, Zurich, Switzerland

    A. F. Battaglia

  14. Universita degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italy

    F. Benvenuto & M. Piana

  15. European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ, Noordwijk, The Netherlands

    L. A. Hayes

  16. INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, I-10125, Pino Torinese, Italy

    F. Landini & R. Susino

  17. Department of Physics and Astronomy, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY, 42101, USA

    P. Massa

  18. INAF - Institute of Space Astrophysics and Cosmic Physics of Milano, Milano, Italy

    M. Uslenghi

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  1. L. Rodriguez
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  2. A. Warmuth
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  3. V. Andretta
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  4. M. Mierla
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Contributions

L.R. started the work, and put together all the pieces. A.W. wrote the STIX part, together with A.F.B., F.B., A.M.V., E.C.M.D., L.A.H., G.M., P.M., M.P., O.P., F.S and A.V. V.A. wrote the Metis part, together with F.L., C.S., R.S., M.U. L.R. wrote the EUI part, together with M.M., F.A., D.B., S.G., E.K., B.N., K.S., J.M. and C.V. A.N.Z. and M.M. created Figure 4. A.W., V.A., C.M., E.K.J.K. wrote parts of the introduction and conclusions. C.M., E.K.J.K., A.N., A.M helped with the CME study. E.D. M.D. and A.C.K. helped with the flare interpretation. D.S. wrote part of the introduction, did Figure 1 and fixed all latex/overleaf/submission problems. M.J.W. corrected all the writing as native speaker. All authors reviewed the manuscript.

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Correspondence to L. Rodriguez.

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Rodriguez, L., Warmuth, A., Andretta, V. et al. The Eruption of 22 April 2021 as Observed by Solar Orbiter: Continuous Magnetic Reconnection and Heating After the Impulsive Phase. Sol Phys 298, 1 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11207-022-02090-6

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