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The New Composite Solar Flare Index from Solar Cycle 17 to Cycle 24 (1937 – 2020)

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Abstract

The chromosphere is a highly dynamic outer plasma layer of the Sun. Its physical processes accounting for the variability are poorly understood. We reconstructed the solar chromospheric flare index (SFI) to study the solar chromospheric variability from 1937 to 2020. The new SFI database is a composite record of the Astronomical Institute Ondřejov Observatory of the Czech Academy of Sciences from 1937 – 1976 and the records of the Kandilli Observatory of Istanbul, Turkey from 1977 – 2020. The SFI records are available in daily, monthly, and yearly resolutions. We carried out the time-frequency analyses of the new 84-year long SFI records using the wavelet transform. We report the periodicities of 21.88 (Hale cycle), 10.94 (Schwabe cycle), 5.2 (quasi-quinquennial cycle), 3.5, 1.7, 1, 0.41 (or 149.7 days, Rieger cycle), 0.17 (62.1 days), 0.07 (25.9 days, solar rotational modulation) years. All these periodicities seem always present and persistent throughout the observational interval. Thus, we suggest that there is no reason to assume these solar periodicities are absent from other solar cycles. Time variations of the amplitude of each oscillation or periodicity were also studied using the inverse wavelet transform. We found that for the SFI the most active flare cycles over the record were Cycles 17, 19, and 21, while Cycles 20, 22, 23, and 24 were the weakest ones with Cycle 18 was intermediate in flare activity. This shows several differences to the equivalent relationships for solar activity implied by sunspot number records. Furthermore, this confirms that solar activity trends and variability in the chromosphere as captured by SFI are not necessarily the same as those of the Sun’s photosphere, as implied by the sunspot number activity records, for instance. We have also introduced a new signal/noise wavelet coherence metric to analyze two different chromospheric indices available (i.e. the SFI and the disk-integrated chromospheric Ca ii K activity indices) and to quantify the differences and similarities of the oscillations within the solar chromosphere. Our findings suggest the importance of carrying out additional co-analyses with other solar activity records to find physical inter-relations and connections between the different solar layers from the photosphere, the chromosphere to the corona.

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Data Availability

The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation.

Notes

  1. https://astronomi.boun.edu.tr/.

  2. https://paos.colorado.edu/research/wavelets/software.html.

  3. https://sites.google.com/site/aguiarconraria/joanasoares-wavelets/the-astoolbox.

  4. https://noc.ac.uk/business/marine-data-products/cross-wavelet-wavelet-coherence-toolbox-matlab.

  5. https://www.geofisica.unam.mx/radiacion-solar/estructura.html.

  6. https://solis.nso.edu/0/iss/.

  7. https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/stp/CDROM/solar_variability.html.

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank all colleagues, especially Tamer Ataç and Atila Özgüç of the Kandilli Observatory, who helped to make this work possible. We thank the reviewer for the careful reading and constructive improvements to the early versions of our manuscript.

RGC acknowledges the support of the grant PID-5265TC (2019-2022) of National Technological University of Argentina. V.M. Velasco Herrera acknowledges the support from CONACyT-180148 and the support from PAPIIT-IT102420 grants. W. Soon’s work was partially supported by the SAO grants with proposals ID: 000000000003010-V101 and 000000000004254-V101.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Instituto de Geofísica, Radiación Solar, Laboratorio de Inteligencia Artificial, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Delegación Coyoacan, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico

    Victor Manuel Velasco Herrera & Jorge Alberto Perez-Peraza

  2. Institute of Earth Physics and Space Science (ELKH EPSS), 9400, Sopron, Hungary

    Willie Soon

  3. Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA

    Willie Soon

  4. Tatranská Lomnica, Slovak Republic

    Štefan Knoška

  5. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires – Grupo de Estudios Ambientales, Universidad Tecnológica Nacional, Colón 332, San Nicolás, 2900, Bs.As., Argentina

    Rodolfo G. Cionco

  6. Sternberg Astronomical Institute, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 13, Universitetsky Pr., Moscow, Russia

    Sergey M. Kudryavtsev

  7. Department of Geophysics, College of the Geology Engineering and Geomatics, Chang’an University, Xi’an, 710054, China

    Shican Qiu

  8. Center for Environmental Research and Earth Sciences (CERES), Salem, MA, 01970, USA

    Ronan Connolly

  9. Dublin, Ireland

    Michael Connolly

  10. Astronomical Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Fričova 298, Ondřejov, 25165, Czech Republic

    Michal Švanda

  11. Universidad ESAN, Alonso de Molina 1652, Monterrico, Surco, Lima, 150140, Perú

    José Acosta Jara

  12. IMM (CNR), Bologna, Italy

    Giovanni Pietro Gregori

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  1. Victor Manuel Velasco Herrera
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  2. Willie Soon
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  3. Štefan Knoška
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Correspondence to Victor Manuel Velasco Herrera.

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Š. Knoška formerly of the Astronomical Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Tatranská Lomnica, 059 60, Slovak Republic.

R. Connolly is an independent scientist, Dublin, Ireland.

M. Connolly is an independent scientist, Dublin, Ireland.

IDASC (CNR), now merged into IMM (CNR).

Giovanni Pietro Gregori is retired.

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Velasco Herrera, V.M., Soon, W., Knoška, Š. et al. The New Composite Solar Flare Index from Solar Cycle 17 to Cycle 24 (1937 – 2020). Sol Phys 297, 108 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11207-022-02035-z

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