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Solar Physics

, Volume 291, Issue 2, pp 613–642 | Cite as

Long-Term Trends and Gleissberg Cycles in Aurora Borealis Records (1600 – 2015)

  • M. Vázquez
  • J. M. Vaquero
  • M. C. Gallego
  • T. Roca Cortés
  • P. L. Pallé
Article
First Online:

Abstract

The long-term spatial and temporal variation of aurora borealis events from 1600 to the present were studied using catalogues and other records of these phenomena. Geographic and geomagnetic coordinates were assigned to approximately 45 000 auroral events with more than 160 000 observations. They were analysed separately for three large-scale areas: i) Europe and North Africa, ii) North America, and iii) Asia. Variations in the cumulative numbers of auroral events with latitude (in both geographic and geomagnetic coordinates) were used to distinguish between the two main solar sources: coronal mass ejections and high-speed streams from coronal holes. We find significant long-term variations in the space-time distribution of auroras. We mainly identify these with four Gleissberg solar activity cycles whose overall characteristics we examine. The Asian observations are crucial in this context, and therefore merit further studies and verifications.

Keywords

Solar activity Solar cycles Geomagnetic storm Aurora borealis 
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Notes

Acknowledgements

The authors wish to express their gratitude to Sam Silverman, who undertook the immense task of collecting thousands of auroral reports around the world and making them available to the scientific community. Some well-known auroral catalogues (Fritz, Angot) used for this study are from Jack Eddy’s Compilation of Auroral Catalogues and were obtained from the Research Data Archive (RDA), which is maintained by the Computational and Information Systems Laboratory (CISL) at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR). NCAR is sponsored by the National Science Foundation (NSF). The original data are available from the RDA ( dss.ucar.edu ) with dataset number ds836.0. The following persons provided information and/or data of auroral events: A. Kadokura (WDCA, Japan), M. Connors (GAIA program, Canada), and K. Erhardi (DMI, Denmark). Support from the Junta de Extremadura (Research Group Grants) and from the Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad of the Spanish Government (AYA2011-25945 and AYA2014-57556-P) is gratefully acknowledged.

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© Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2016

Authors and Affiliations

  • M. Vázquez
    • 1
    • 2
  • J. M. Vaquero
    • 3
  • M. C. Gallego
    • 4
  • T. Roca Cortés
    • 1
    • 2
  • P. L. Pallé
    • 1
    • 2
  1. 1.Instituto de Astrofísica de CanariasLa LagunaSpain
  2. 2.Departamento de AstrofísicaUniversidad de La LagunaLa LagunaSpain
  3. 3.Departamento de FísicaUniversidad de ExtremaduraMéridaSpain
  4. 4.Facultad de CienciasUniversidad de ExtremaduraBadajozSpain

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