Abstract
It has been shown previously that the number of very-large-fluence solar proton events inferred for the period since 1561 were more frequent at times of low solar activity (e.g., following the recovery from the Maunder minimum), than in the present epoch of high solar activity. An inverse dependence is demonstrated between the probability of observation of the very large-fluence solar proton events and the strength of the interplanetary magnetic field derived from empirical predictions. Using the observed dependence, it is predicted and demonstrated that large-fluence solar proton events have been observed at Earth more frequently near the recurrent minima of the solar activity cycle in the past than during the present epoch. We show that these results are explicable in terms of the linear dependence of the Alfvén velocity upon the strength of the interplanetary magnetic field, leading to higher shock compression ratios in the past. These results indicate that this aspect of “solar weather” will be significantly influenced by the prevailing strength of the interplanetary magnetic field, and that recurrence of solar conditions similar to those of the solar activity minimum of solar cycles 12–14 (1878.9–1913.6) would be accompanied by a factor of ∼4 increase in the occurrence of large-fluence solar proton events.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Caballero-Lopez, R. A., Moraal, H., McCracken, K.G., and McDonald, F. B.: 2004, submitted for publication in J. Geophys. Res.
Dröge, W.: 2000, Space Sci. Rev. 93, 121.
Forbush, S. E.: 1946, Phys. Rev. 70, 771.
Hoyt, D. V. and Schatten, K. H.: 1998, Solar Phys. 181, 491.
Křivský, L. and Pejml, K.: 1988, Solar Activity, Aurorae, and Climate in Central Europe in the Last 1000 Years, Publications of the Astronomical Institute of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, Number 75.
Jones, F. C. and Ellison, D. C.: 1991, Space Sci. Rev. 58, 259.
Kahler, S. W.: 2001, J. Geophys. Res. 106, 20,947.
Lockwood, M.: 2001, J. Geophys. Res. 106, 16,021.
Lockwood, M., Stamper, R., and Wild, M. N.: 1999, Nature 399, 437.
McCracken, K. G., Dreschhoff, G. A. M., Zeller, E. J., Smart, D. F., and Shea, M. A.: 2001a, J. Geophys. Res. 106, 21,585.
McCracken, K. G, Dreschhoff, G. A. M., Smart, D. F., and Shea, M. A.: 2001b, J. Geophys. Res. 106, 21,599.
McKinnon, J. A.: 1987, Sunspot Numbers: 1610–1985, UAG Report 95, World Data Center A for Solar-Terrestrial Physics, Boulder, CO.
Parker, E. N.: 1965, Planet. Space Sci. 13, 9.
Reames, D. V.: 1999, Space Sci. Rev. 90, 413.
Schrijver, C. J., DeRosa, M. L., and Title, A. M.: 2002, Astrophys. J. 577, 1006.
Shea, M. A. and Smart, D. F.: 1990, Solar Phys. 127, 297.
Shea, M. A. and Smart, D. F.: 1996, Adv. Space Res. 17, (4/5)225.
Smart, D. F. and Shea, M. A.: 2002, Adv. Space Res. 30, 1033.
Smart, D. F. and Shea, M. A.: 2003, Adv. Space Res. 31, 45.
Solanki, S. K., Schüssler, M., and Fligge, M.: 2000, Nature 408, 445.
Solanki, S. K., Schüssler, M., and Fligge, M. 2002, Astron. and Astrophys. 383, 706.
Wang, Y.-M., Lean, J., and Sheeley, N. R.: 2000, Geophys. Res. Lett. 27, 505.
Webb, D. F. and Howard, R. A.: 1994, J. Geophys. Res. 99, 4201.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Mccracken, K.G., Dreschhoff, G.A.M., Smart, D.F. et al. A Study of the Frequency of Occurrence of Large-Fluence Solar Proton Events and the Strength of the Interplanetary Magnetic Field. Sol Phys 224, 359–372 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11207-005-5257-2
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11207-005-5257-2