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Proton Enhancements and Their Relation to the X-Ray Flares During the Three Last Solar Cycles

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Abstract

Energetic proton measurements obtained from the GOES and IMP-8 satellites as well as from ground-based neutron monitors are compared with the GOES soft X-ray measurements of the associated solar flares for the period 1975–2003. The present study investigates a broad range of phenomenology relating proton events to flares (with some references to related interplanetary disturbances), including correlations of occurrence, intensities, durations and timing of both the particle event and the flare as well as the role of the heliographic location of the designated active region. 1144 proton events of > 10 MeV energy were selected from this 28-year period. Owing primarily to the low particle flux threshold employed more than half of this number was found to be reliably connected with an X-ray flare. The statistical analysis indicates that the probability and magnitude of the near-Earth proton enhancement depends critically on the flare's importance and its heliolongitude. In this study all flares of X-ray importance > X5 and located in the most propitious heliolongitude range, 15∘W to 75∘W, were succeeded by a detectable proton enhancement. It was also found that the heliolongitude frequently determines the character of the proton event time profile. In addition to intensity, duration and timing, proton events were found to be related to the other flare properties such as lower temperatures and longer loop lengths.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. IZMIRAN, Troitsk, Moscow region, 142190, Russia

    A. Belov

  2. Space Environment Center, NOAA, CO, 80303, Boulder, U.S.A.

    H. Garcia

  3. Institute of Nuclear Physics, Moscow State University, 119899, Vorobievy Gory, Moscow, Russia

    V. Kurt

  4. Nuclear and Particle Physics Section, Physics Department University of Athens, 15771, Athens, Greece

    H. Mavromichalaki & M. Gerontidou

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  1. A. Belov
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  2. H. Garcia
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  3. V. Kurt
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  4. H. Mavromichalaki
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  5. M. Gerontidou
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Correspondence to H. Mavromichalaki.

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Belov, A., Garcia, H., Kurt, V. et al. Proton Enhancements and Their Relation to the X-Ray Flares During the Three Last Solar Cycles. Sol Phys 229, 135–159 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11207-005-4721-3

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