Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Measuring Hope in the Philippines: Validating the Short Version of the Locus-of-Hope Scale in Filipino

  • Published:
Social Indicators Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

A short version of the locus-of-hope Scale was developed and translated into the Filipino language for the purpose of assessing hope in Filipinos who have lower levels of education and who may not have adequate levels of proficiency in English. The 20-item scale had four locus-of-hope subscales (internal, external-family, external-peers, and external-spiritual) each with four items (another four were filler items); all items described thoughts associated with some capacity and strategy to attain important goals in life. A sample (N = 362) of adults from communities in Metro Manila were asked to answer the scale, as well as measures of optimism, self-esteem, and life satisfaction. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated an adequate fit between the hypothesized four-factor structure and the data, but the internal locus-of-hope scale was found to have low internal consistency. Regression analysis showed positive associations between the internal and external-family locus-of-hope subscales and the three measures of wellbeing. But external-peers locus-of-hope was negatively associated with optimism and self-esteem, and external-spiritual locus-of-hope was positively related with optimism.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Ashby, J. S., Dickinson, W. L., Gnilka, P. B., & Noble, C. L. (2011). Hope as a mediator and moderator of multidimensional perfectionism and depression in middle school students. Journal of Counseling and Development, 89, 131–139.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bailey, T. C., Eng, W., Frisch, M. B., & Snyder, C. R. (2007). Hope and optimism as related to life satisfaction. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 2, 168–175.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bandura, A. (2001). Social cognitive theory: An agentic perspective. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 1–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bernardo, A. B. I. (2004). McKinley’s questionable bequest: Over 100 years of English in Philippine education. World Englishes, 23, 17–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bernardo, A. B. I. (2010). Extending hope theory: Internal and external locus of trait hope. Personality and Individual Differences, 49, 944–949.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bernardo, A. B. I. (2013). Hope grounded in belief: Direct and indirect influence of social axioms on dispositional hope. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 54, 522–528.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bernardo, A. B. I., Lising, R. H., & Shulruf, B. (2013). Validity of two language versions of the Auckland individualism and collectivism scale with filipino-english bilinguals. Psychological Studies, 58, 33–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bond, M. H. (Ed.). (2009). The psychology of the Chinese people. Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bond, M. H. (2013). The pan-culturality of well-being: But how does culture fit into the equation? Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 16, 158–162.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bond, M. H., & Cheung, T. (1983). College students’ spontaneous self-concept: The effect of culture among respondents in Hong Kong, Japan, and the United States. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 14, 153–171.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bratman, M. E. (1999). Faces of intention: Selected essays on intention and agency. New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Bryant, F. B., & Cvengros, J. A. (2004). Distinguishing hope and optimism: Two sides of a coin, or two separate coins? Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 23, 273–302.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (1999). Optimism. In C. R. Snyder (Ed.), Coping: The psychology of what works (pp. 182–204). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cedeno, L. A., Elias, M. J., Kelly, S., & Chu, B. C. (2010). School violence, adjustment, and the influence of hope on low-income, African American youth. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 80, 213–226.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chang, E. C., & DeSimone, S. L. (2001). The influence of hope on appraisals, coping and dysphoria: A test of hope theory. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 20, 117–129.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cotton Bronk, K., Hill, P. L., Lapsley, D. K., Talib, T. L., & Finch, H. (2009). Purpose, hope, and life satisfaction in three age groups. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 4, 500–510.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Curry, L. A., Snyder, C. R., Cook, D. L., Ruby, B. C., & Rehm, M. (1997). Role of hope in academic and sport achievement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 1257–1267.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davidson, C. L., Wingate, L. R., & Slish, M. L. (2009). Hope as a predictor of interpersonal suicide risk. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 39, 499–507.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Diener, E., & Diener, M. (1995). Cross-cultural correlates of life satisfaction and self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 653–663.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Diener, E. D., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 71–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Du, H., & King, R. B. (2013). Placing hope in self and others: Exploring the relationship among self-construal’s, locus-of-hope, and adjustment. Personality and Individual Differences, 54, 332–337.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Du, H., King, R. B., & Chi, P. (2012). The development and validation of the relational self-esteem scale. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 53, 258–264.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • EdVisions Schools (2013). The hope survey. Retrieved from: http://www.hopesurvey.org/about-the-hope-survey. Henderson, MN: EdVisions Schools.

  • Gallup and Operation Hope (2013). The 2012 Gallup-hope index. Retrieved from http://www.gallup.com/strategicconsulting/159902/2012-gallup-hope-index.aspx. New York: Gallup.

  • Geiger, K. A., & Kwon, P. (2010). Rumination and depressive symptoms: Evidence for the moderating role of hope. Personality and Individual Differences, 49, 391–395.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hashimoto, H., & Yamagishi, T. (2013). Two faces of interdependence: Harmony seeking and rejection avoidance. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 16, 142–151.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hewitt, J. P. (1998). The myth of self-esteem: Finding happiness and solving problems in America. New York: St. Martin’s Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hobfoll, S. E., Watson, P., Bell, C. C., Bryant, R. A., Brymer, M. J., Friedman, M. J., et al. (2007). Five essential elements of immediate and mid-term mass trauma intervention: Empirical evidence. Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes, 70, 283–315.

    Google Scholar 

  • Juntunen, C. L., & Wettersten, K. B. (2006). Work hope: Development and initial validation of a measure. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53, 94–106.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kintanar, N. S., & Bernardo, A. B. I. (2013). Hope and internal working models of the self and others: A correlational study on Filipino adolescents. Psychological Studies, 58, 48–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li, H. Z. (2002). Culture, gender and self-close-other(s) connectedness in Canadian and Chinese samples. European Journal of Social Psychology, 32, 93–104.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lowles, N., & Painter, A. (2013). Fear and hope: The new politics of identity. Retrieved from http://www.fearandhope.org.uk/project-report/. London: Searchlight Educational Trust.

  • Magaletta, P. R., & Oliver, J. M. (1999). The hope construct, will, and ways: Their relations with self-efficacy, optimism, and general well-being. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 55, 539–551.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (2003). Models of agency: Sociocultural diversity in the construction of action. In V. Murphy-Berman & J. J. Berman (Eds.), Cross-cultural differences in perspectives on the self (pp. 1–57). Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, J. G. (2003). Culture and agency: Implications for psychological theories of motivation and social development. In V. Murphy-Berman & J. J. Berman (Eds.), Cross-cultural differences in perspectives on the self (pp. 59–99). Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newell, R. J., & Van Ryzin, M. (2009). Assessing what really matters in schools: Creating hope for the future. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Sullivan, G. (2011). The relationship between hope, eustress, self-efficacy, and life satisfaction among undergraduates. Social Indicators Research, 101, 155–172.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oyserman, D., Coon, H., & Kemmelmeier, M. (2002). Rethinking individualism and collectivism: Evaluation of theoretical assumptions and meta-analyses. Psychological Bulletin, 128, 3–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rand, K. L. (2009). Hope and optimism: Latent structures and influences on grade expectancy and academic performance. Journal of Personality, 77, 231–260.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roesch, S. C., Duangado, K. M., Vaughn, A. A., Aldridge, A. A., & Villodas, F. (2010). Dispositional hope and the propensity to cope: A daily diary assessment of minority adolescents. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 16, 191–198.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S. (1985). Optimism, coping, and health: Assessment and implications of generalized outcome expectancies. Health Psychology, 4, 219–247.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scheier, M. F., Carver, C. S., & Bridges, M. W. (1994). Distinguishing optimism from neuroticism (and trait anxiety, self-mastery, and self-esteem): A reevaluation of the life orientation test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(6), 1063–1078.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shorey, H. S., Roberts, C. R. D., & Huprich, S. K. (2012). The roles of domain specific hope and depressive personality in predicting depressive symptoms. Personality and Mental Health, 6, 255–265.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shulruf, B., Hattie, J., & Dixon, R. (2007). Development of a new measurement tool for individualism and collectivism. Journal of Psycho educational Assessment, 25, 385–401.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Snyder, C. R. (1994). The psychology of hope. New York: Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Snyder, C. R. (2000). Hypothesis: There is hope. In C. R. Snyder (Ed.), Handbook of hope: Theory, measures, and applications (pp. 3–21). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Snyder, C. R., Harris, C., Anderson, J. R., Holleran, S. A., Irving, L. M., Sigmon, S. T., et al. (1991). The will and the ways: Development and validation of an individual differences measure of hope. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 570–585.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Snyder, C. R., Hoza, N., Pelham, W. E., & Rapoff, M. (1997). The development and validation of the Children’s Hope Scale. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 22, 399–421.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Snyder, C. R., Lopez, S. J., & Pedrotti, J. T. (2010). Positive psychology: The scientific and practical explorations of human strengths (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Snyder, C. R., Sympson, S. C., Ybasco, F. C., Borders, T. F., Babyak, M. A., & Higgins, R. L. (1996). Development and validation of the State hope scale. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 331–335.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Suh, E., Diener, E., Oishi, S., & Triandis, H. C. (1998). The shifting basis of life satisfaction judgments across cultures: Emotions versus norms. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 482–493.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Visser, P. L., Loess, P., Jeglic, E. L., & Hirsch, J. K. (2013). Hope as a moderator of negative life events and depressive symptoms in a diverse sample. Stress and Health, 29, 82–88.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Waynor, W. R., Gao, N., Dolce, J. N., Haytas, L. A., & Reilly, A. (2012). The relationship between hope and symptoms. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 35, 345.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • WIN-Gallup International Association (2012). Global barometer of hope and happiness at year end 2012. Retrieved from http://www.wingia.com/en/news/end_of_year_survey_global_barometer_of_hope_and_happiness_2013/38.

Download references

Acknowledgments

This research was supported by a grant from the Research Development and Administration Office of the University of Macau (Project Reference No.: SRG014-FSH13-ABIB).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology, University of Macau, PLG334 Pearl Jubilee Building, Avenida Padre Tomas Pereira, Taipa, Macau, SAR, China

    Allan B. I. Bernardo

  2. Counseling and Educational Psychology Department, De La Salle University, 2401 Taft Avenue, Manila, Philippines

    Alicia F. Estrellado

Authors
  1. Allan B. I. Bernardo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Alicia F. Estrellado
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Allan B. I. Bernardo.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Bernardo, A.B.I., Estrellado, A.F. Measuring Hope in the Philippines: Validating the Short Version of the Locus-of-Hope Scale in Filipino. Soc Indic Res 119, 1649–1661 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-013-0573-7

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-013-0573-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation