A systematic correlation is established between the axial load-carrying capacity of the socketed piles and empirical methods. The axial load-carrying capabilities were calculated with the help of pile load tests for ten single piles in Navi Mumbai, India. Pile load tests were carried out to evaluate the skin friction and base resistance in overlying soil and rock. The test results of axially loaded bored piles socketed into the rock are mentioned in this paper. The pile socket involved rocks of various strengths such as gypsum, limestone, and basalt. In reality, axial capacity is calculated from skin friction of the pile, which occurs owing to a very small settlement in the rock socket. The unconfined compressive strength of the rock is collected from the laboratory test. The load-bearing capability of the socketed piles is determined using several empirical methods, which are usually evaluated by a back-assessment of the in-situ pile load test. However, the significant load-carrying capacity values derived from empirical correlations are found to be reasonably good compared with those estimated from pile load tests.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
I. W. Johnston, C. M. Haberfield and M. Sands, “Side resistance of piles in weak rock,” Piling: European Practice and Worldwide Trends, Thomas Telford, London, 52–58 (1992).
V. C. Maralapalle and R. A. Hegde, “Model studies on effect of pseudo-rock-socket strength on resistance of frictiononly piles,” Eng. Sci. Tech., 34, 101089 (2022).
A. F. Williams and P. J. N. Pells, “Side resistance of rock sockets in sandstone, mudstone and shale,” Can. Geotech. J., 502–513 (1981).
R. K. Rowe and P. J. N. Pells, “A theoretical study of pile-rock socket behavior,” Proceedings of the International Conference on Structure Foundations on Rock, 1, 253–264 (1980).
R. G. Horvath, T. C. Kenney, and P. Kozicki, “Methods of improving the performance of drilled piers in weak rock,” Can. Geotech. J., 20(4), 758–772 (1983).
C. Akguner and M. Kirkit, “Axial bearing capacity of socketed single cast-in-place piles,” Soils Found., 52, 59–68 (2012).
R. U. Kulkarni and D. M. Dewaikar, “A numerical approach to access the capacity of rock-socketed piles subjected to axial compression in Mumbai region based on the pile load test data,” Int. J. Geotech. Eng., 11(5), 441–451 (2016).
IS 2911 (Part 4), “Code of practice for design and construction of pile foundations,” BIS, New Delhi (2010).
C. Van der Veen, “The bearing capacity of pile,” Proceedings of the Third ICSMFE, 84–90 (1953).
J. B. Hansen, “Discussion on hyperbolic stress-strain response-cohesive soils,” J. Soil Mech. Found. Eng., 89, 241–242 (1963).
E. E. De Beer, “Proefondervindlijke bijdrage tot de studie van het grensdraag vermogen van zandonder funderingen op staal,” Tijdshift Openbar Verken van Belgie, No. 6 (1967).
F. K. Chin, “Estimation of ultimate load of piles not carried to failure,” Proceedings of the 2nd Southeast Asian Conference on Soil Engineering, Singapore, 81–92 (1970).
M. T. Davisson, “High-Capacity Piles,” Proceedings of Lecture Series on Innovations in Foundation Construction, ASCE, Chicago, 81–112 (1972).
A. Hirany and F. H. Kulhawy, “Conduct & interpretation of load test on drilled shaft foundations: detailed guideline”, Report, EL-5915, CA, 1018–1028 (1988).
L. Decourt, “Behaviour of foundations under working load conditions,” Proceedings of the 11th Pan-American Conference on Soil and Geotechnical Engineering, Brazil, 4, 453-488 (1999).
P. Rosenberg and N. L. Journeaux, “Friction and end bearing tests on bedrock for high-capacity socket design,” Can. Geotech. J., 324–333 (1976).
R. K. Rowe and H. H. Armitage, “Theoretical solutions for axial deformation of drilled shafts in rock,” Can. Geotech. J., 24, 114-125 (1987).
C. Gupton and T. Logan, “Design guidelines for drilled shafts in weak rocks of South Florida,” Proceedings of the South Florida Annual ASCE Meeting, ASCE (1984).
C. T. Toh, T. A. Ooi, H. K. Chiu, S. K. Chee, and W. N. Ting, “Design parameters for bored piles in a weathered sedimentary formation,” Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Soil and Foundation Engineering, Rio de Janeiro, 2, 1073–1078 (1989).
A. F. Williams, I. W. Johnston, and I. B. Donald, “The design of socketed piles in weak rock,” Proceedings of the International Conference on Structural Foundations on Rock, Balkema, Sydney, Australia, 327–347 (1980).
L. Zhang and H. H. Einstein, “End bearing resistance of drilled shafts in rock,” Geotech. Geoenv. Eng., 124(7), 574–584 (1998).
Ng, T. L. Y. Yau, J. H. M. Li., and W. H. Tang “Side resistance of large diameter bored piles socketed into decomposed rocks,” Geotech. Geoenv. Eng., 127(8), 642–657 (2001).
W. A. Prakoso, “Reliability-based design of foundations in rock masses,” PhD Thesis, Ithaca: Cornell University (2002).
D. F. Coates, “Rock mechanics principles,” Energy Min. Res., Ottawa, 874 (1967).
Argema, “Design guides for offshore structures: offshore pile design,” Tirand (1992).
M. S. Nam, “Improved design for drilled shafts in rock,” Ph.D. Thesis, University of Houston, Houston, TX (2004).
C. Vipulanandan, A. Hussain, and O. Usluogulari, “Parametric study of open core-hole on the behavior of drilled shafts socketed in soft rock,” Proceedings of the Geo-Denver, Geotechnical Special Publication No. 158. Contemporary Issues in Deep Foundations, Denver, Colorado (2007).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Translated from Osnovaniya, Fundamenty i Mekhanika Gruntov, No. 1, January-February, 2024.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Maralapalle, V.C., Hegde, R. Experimental and Empirical Study on Piles Socketed Into the Rock. Soil Mech Found Eng 61, 56–61 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11204-024-09943-1
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11204-024-09943-1