Abstract
Gender inequality is one of the main barriers to human well-being. In societies with higher levels of gender inequality, people have lower levels of life satisfaction and happiness. However, previous studies have found inconsistent results in terms of whether gender inequality affects men’s and women’s subjective well-being differently. Furthermore, the psychological mechanisms by which gender inequality is associated with subjective well-being are still relatively underexplored. This study aimed to examine the following: (1) whether gender inequality would be associated with adults’ subjective well-being; (2) whether gender-role attitudes would mediate the effect of gender inequality on subjective well-being; and (3) whether the associations among gender inequality, gender-role attitudes, and subjective well-being would vary by gender. Drawing on data from 4,132 adults from 28 provinces in China (53.6% women; Mage = 50.95, SD = 16.92), multilevel analyses showed that adults in provinces with higher levels of gender inequality reported lower subjective well-being seven years later; moreover, this association was present not only among women, but also among men. Furthermore, multilevel mediation models indicated that less egalitarian gender-role attitudes accounted for the detrimental effects of gender inequality on subjective well-being. Our findings suggest the critical need to reduce socio-structural gender biases and stereotypical gender-role attitudes which hamper subjective well-being not only among women, but also among men.
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All data used for this study were retrieved from national statistics and publicly available de-identified secondary data.
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Acknowledgements
This study was conducted by using the publicly available data from Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS), administrated by the National Survey Research Center (NSRC) in Renmin University of China.
Funding
This work was supported by the Science and Technology Development Fund, Macao S.A.R (FDCT) under Grant 0087/2021/A, the Guangdong Province Philosophy and Social Science Planning Project under Grant GD21CXL04, and the Scientific Research Initiation Grant of Shantou University under Grant STF22001.
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All authors contributed to the study conception. LC and KW performed the statistical analyses and drafted the manuscript. HD and RBK critically revised the manuscript. AC and TL assisted in performing the statistical analyses. PC developed the research idea for this study and critically revised the manuscript.
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Chen, L., Wu, K., Du, H. et al. Less Equal, Less Satisfied? Gender Inequality Hampers Adults’ Subjective Well-Being via Gender-Role Attitudes. Sex Roles 89, 718–730 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-023-01392-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-023-01392-8