Abstract
In recent years, there has been remarkable change in societal acceptance of lesbians and gay men. This meta-analysis explored whether this positive shift has reduced the gender difference in these attitudes. We tested Kite and Whitley’s (1996) gender belief system model and replicated their finding that heterosexual men held more negative attitudes toward gay people (g. = 0.37, k = 245, N = 98,295), gay behavior (g. = 0.22, k = 68, N = 98,734), and gay civil rights (g. = 0.16, k = 80, N = 89,187). We also found that heterosexual men were more likely to report engaging in anti-gay behavior (g. = 0.53, k = 7, N = 2,509), endorsing gay stereotypes (g. = 0.17, k = 17, N = 6,936), and wanting to avoid contact with gay men (g. = 0.49, k = 7, N = 2,178). However, heterosexual women reported a stronger desire to avoid contact with lesbians than did heterosexual men (g. = -0.36, k = 5, N = 1,339). For the most part, gender differences remained stable over time; the exceptions were attitudes toward same-gender sexual behavior and attitudes toward lesbian and gay civil rights, which showed small increases. Gender differences in anti-gay prejudice were mediated by gender differences in traditional gender-role beliefs. Moderator variables included participant group, type of measure, and target group.
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All computed effects sizes are included in the supplemental materials. Relevant coding information is also provided in the supplemental materials.
References
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Acknowledgements
We thank the authors who provided data for our review and the anonymous reviewers who offered insightful feedback on a previous version of our manuscript. We also thank Kinsey Bryant-Lees and Shawnna Walser for their assistance with data checking.
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Study design, effect size coding and computation, and manuscript preparation were completed by the first two authors. The third and fourth authors computed effect sizes, coded studies, and maintained the data bases.
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Kite, M.E., Whitley, Jr., B.E., Buxton, K. et al. Gender Differences in Anti-Gay Prejudice: Evidence for Stability and Change. Sex Roles 85, 721–750 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-021-01227-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-021-01227-4