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Are Women More Likely than Men Are to Care Excessively about Maintaining Positive Social Relationships? A Meta-Analytic Review of the Gender Difference in Sociotropy

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Abstract

Sociotropy is defined as the tendency to overemphasize maintaining positive social relationships (Beck 1983). Although the stereotype that women care more about interpersonal relationships than men do is well-documented (Cross and Madson 1997), the literature provides mixed support as to whether women are more sociotropic than men are. This is important to establish because sociotropy consistently correlates positively with depression (Robins et al. 1994) and thus a gender difference in sociotropy could contribute to the well-documented gender difference in depression (Girgus and Nolen-Hoeksema 2006). The present meta-analysis asks whether the gender difference in sociotropy exists, and if so, at what magnitude, by aggregating 108 independent effect sizes from 90 papers (n = 30,372 participants). The average weighted effect size of the gender difference was d = .34, with women scoring higher than men on sociotropy. Culture was a significant moderator: The gender difference in sociotropy was significantly smaller in research from collectivist countries, where interpersonal harmony and cooperation are emphasized for both genders, than in research from individualistic countries, where men are supposed to be independent and agentic and women are supposed to be communal and concerned with relationships. Further research is needed to explore the development of this gender difference and its relationship to the gender difference in depression.

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Acknowledgements

The authors gratefully acknowledge the fellowship support of the Walker McKinney ‘50 Life Sciences Fellowship at Princeton University awarded to Kaite Yang. We thank Brooke Macnamara and Michael S. North for their advice, Susan Fiske and Christine Ferri for helpful comments on drafts of this manuscript, and Elizabeth Ingriselli and Daniel J. O’Brien for their assistance.

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  1. School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Stockton University, Galloway, NJ, 08205, USA

    Kaite Yang

  2. Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA

    Joan S. Girgus

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Correspondence to Kaite Yang.

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In conducting this meta-analysis, we have complied with APA ethical standards. The meta-analytic data in this manuscript has not been published, previously.

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Yang, K., Girgus, J.S. Are Women More Likely than Men Are to Care Excessively about Maintaining Positive Social Relationships? A Meta-Analytic Review of the Gender Difference in Sociotropy. Sex Roles 81, 157–172 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-018-0980-y

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