Abstract
Women of Colour are subject to unique pressures regarding their appearance due to racialised beauty standards and the pre-eminence of White features (e.g., skin tone and hair texture). Through associated self-objectification, Women of Colour can face negative outcomes, including negative thoughts and feelings about body features, and can engage in potentially dangerous behaviours like skin bleaching. The present research investigated the connection between internalisation of White beauty standards and Women of Colour’s dissatisfaction with their skin and hair as well as their use of cosmetic products to attempt to meet White beauty ideals. Participants were 149 African American women from the United States and 168 Indian women living in India. Results reveal that internalisation of White beauty ideals predicted skin tone and hair texture dissatisfaction as well as skin bleaching. Results also suggest that these associations are indirectly mediated by surveillance of skin tone and hair texture. Findings are discussed in relation to self-objectification theory and representations of racialised beauty standards. These findings suggest that in order to reduce the negative effects of internalisation of White ideals on Women of Colour, White standards of beauty ought to be targeted and dismantled. Broadening of beauty standards and increasing positive media representations of Women of Colour may also be important.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Berinsky, A. J., Huber, G. A., & Lenz, G. S. (2012). Evaluating online labor markets for experimental research: Amazon.com's mechanical Turk. Political Analysis, 20, 351–368. https://doi.org/10.1093/pan/mpr057.
Buchanan, T. S., Fischer, A. R., Tokar, D. M., & Yoder, J. D. (2008). Testing a culture-specific extension of objectification theory regarding African American women's body image. The Counseling Psychologist, 36, 697–718. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000008316322.
Buhrmester, M., Kwang, T., & Gosling, S. D. (2011). Amazon’s mechanical Turk: A new source of inexpensive, yet high-quality, data? Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6, 3–5. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691610393980.
Calogero, R. M., Davis, W. N., & Thompson, J. K. (2005). The role of self-objectification in the experience of women with eating disorders. Sex Roles, 52(1–2), 43–50. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-005-1192-9.
Calogero, R. M., Tantleff-Dunn, S., & Thompson, J. K. (Eds.). (2011). Self-objectification in women: Causes, consequences, and counteractions. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Capodilupo, C. M. (2015). One size does not fit all: Using variables other than the thin ideal to understand Black women’s body image. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 21(2), 268–278. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037649.
Charles, C. A. D., & MacLean, S. K. (2017). Body image disturbance and skin bleaching. British Journal of Psychology, 108(4), 783–796. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjop.12241.
Choma, B. L., & Prusaczyk, E. (2018). The effects of system justifying beliefs on skin-tone surveillance, skin-color dissatisfaction, and skin-bleaching behavior. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 42(2), 162–177. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684317747845.
De Maynard, V. (2013). Developing the Racialised Body Image Disturbance Scale. International Journal of Culture and Mental Health, 6(2), 108–129. https://doi.org/10.1080/17542863.2011.652140.
del Giudice, P., & Yves, P. (2002). The widespread use of skin lightening creams in Senegal: A persistent public health problem in West Africa. International Journal of Dermatology, 41(2), 69–72. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-4362.2002.01335.x.
Falconer, J. W., & Neville, H. A. (2000). African American college women's body image: An examination of body mass, African self-consciousness, and skin color satisfaction. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 24, 236–243. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.2000.tb00205.x.
Fitzsimmons, E. E., & Bardone-Cone, A. M. (2011). Downward spirals of body surveillance and weight/shape concern among African American and Caucasian college women. Body Image, 8(3), 216–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2011.04.003.
Fitzsimmons-Craft, E., Harney, M. B., Koehler, L. G., Danzi, L. E., Riddell, M. K., & Bardone-Cone, A. (2012). Explaining the relation between thin ideal internalization and body dissatisfaction among college women: The roles of social comparison and body surveillance. Body Image, 9(1), 43–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2011.09.002.
Fitzsimmons-Craft, E., Bardone-Cone, A., Bulik, C. M., Wonderlich, S. A., Crosby, R. D., & Engel, S. G. (2014). Examining an elaborated sociocultural model of disordered eating among college women: The roles of social comparison and body surveillance. Body Image, 11(4), 488–500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2014.07.012.
Fitzsimmons-Craft, E., Bardone-Cone, A., Crosby, R. D., Engel, S. G., Wonderlich, S. A., & Bulik, C. M. (2016). Mediators of the relationship between thin-ideal internalization and body dissatisfaction in the natural environment. Body Image, 18, 113–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2016.06.006.
Fredrickson, B. L., & Roberts, T. A. (1997). Objectification theory. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21, 173–206. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1997.tb00108.x.
Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. New York City: Guilford Press.
Heinberg, L. J., Thompson, J. K., & Stormer, S. (1995). Development and validation of the sociocultural attitudes towards appearance questionnaire. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 17(1), 81–89. https://doi.org/10.1002/1098-108X(199501)17:1<81::AID-EAT2260170111>3.0.CO;2-Y.
Hill, M. E. (2002). Skin color and the perception of attractiveness among African Americans: Does gender make a difference? Social Psychology Quarterly, 65(1), 77–91. https://doi.org/10.2307/3090169.
Hunter, M. L. (2002). "If you're light you're alright:" Light skin color as social capital for women of color. Gender & Society, 16(2), 175–193.
Hunter, M. L. (2011). Buying racial capital: Skin-bleaching and cosmetic surgery in a globalized world. Journal of Pan African Studies, 4, 142–162.
James-Todd, T., Senie, R., & Terry, M. B. (2012). Racial/ethnic differences in hormonally-active hair product use: A plausible risk factor for health disparities. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 14(3), 506–511. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-011-9482-5.
Kline, R. B. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modelling. New York: Guildford Press.
Lewis, K. M., Robkin, N., Gaska, K., & Njoki, L. C. (2011). Investigating motivations for women’s skin bleaching in Tanzania. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 35, 29–37. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684310392356.
McKinley, N. M., & Hyde, J. S. (1996). The Objectified Body Consciousness Scale: Development and validation. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 20, 181–215. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1996.tb00467.x.
Moradi, B., & Huang, Y. P. (2008). Objectification theory and psychology of women: A decade of advances and future directions. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 32, 377–398. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.2008.00452.x.
Morrison, T. G., & Sheahan, E. E. (2009). Gender-related discourses as mediators in the association between internalization of the thin-body ideal and indicants of body dissatisfaction and disordered eating. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 33(4), 374–383. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.2009.01515.x.
Noll, S. M., & Fredrickson, B. L. (1998). A mediational model linking self-objectification, body shame, and disordered eating. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 22(4), 623–636. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1998.tb00181.x.
Paolacci, G., & Chandler, J. (2014). Inside the Turk: Understanding mechanical Turk as a participant pool. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 23, 184–188. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721414531598.
Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research and evaluation methods (3rd ed.). London: Sage.
Peltzer, K., Pengpid, S., & James, C. (2016). The globalization of whitening: Prevalence of skin lighteners (or bleachers) use and its social correlates among university students in 26 countries. International Journal of Dermatology, 55, 165–172. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijd.12860.
Robinson, C. L. (2011). Hair as race: Why “good hair” may be bad for Black females. Howard Journal of Communications, 22(4), 358–376.
Sahay, S., & Piran, N. (1997). Skin-color preferences and body satisfaction among south Asian-Canadian and European-Canadian female university students. Journal of Social Psychology, 137(2), 161. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.lib.ryerson.ca/login?url=https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy.lib.ryerson.ca/docview/1290732719?accountid=13631.
Sims, C., & Hirudayaraj, M. (2016). The impact of colorism on the career aspirations and career opportunities of women in India. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 18(1), 38–53. https://doi.org/10.1177/1523422315616339.
Smolak, L., & Murnen, S. K. (2008). Drive for leanness: Assessment and relationship to gender, gender role and objectification. Body Image, 5, 251–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2008.03.004.
Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (1998). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Talmon, A., & Ginzburg, K. (2016). The nullifying experience of self-objectification: The development and psychometric evaluation of the Self-objectification Scale. Child Abuse & Neglect, 60, 46–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2016.09.007.
Taylor, P. C. (1999). Malcom’s conk and Danto’s colors; or, four logical petitions concerning race, beauty, and aesthetics. The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, 57(1), 16–20. https://doi.org/10.2307/432060.
Thompson, M. S., & Keith, V. M. (2001). The blacker the berry: Gender, skin tone, self-esteem and self-efficacy. Gender & Society, 15(3), 336–357. https://doi.org/10.1177/089124301015003002.
Utley, T. J., & Darity, W. (2016). India's color complex: One day's worth of matrimonials. Review of Black Political Economy, 43(2), 129–138. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12114-016-9233-x.
Wallace, S. A., Townsend, T. G., Glasgow, Y. M., & Ojie, M. J. (2011). Gold diggers, video vixens, and jezebels: Stereotype images and substance use among urban African American girls. Journal of Women's Health, 20, 1315–1324. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2010.2223.
Watson, L. B., Robinson, D., Dispenza, F., & Nazari, N. (2012). African American Women’s sexual objectification experiences: A qualitative study. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 36, 458–475. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684312454724.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
The treatment of participants in the present research complies with APA ethical standards. All participants gave informed consent prior to participation. The present research was approved by the University’s Research Ethics Board.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Harper, K., Choma, B.L. Internalised White Ideal, Skin Tone Surveillance, and Hair Surveillance Predict Skin and Hair Dissatisfaction and Skin Bleaching among African American and Indian Women. Sex Roles 80, 735–744 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-018-0966-9
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-018-0966-9