Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The Influence of Declining Homophobia on Men’s Gender in the United States: An Argument for the Study of Homohysteria

  • FEMINIST FORUM
  • Published:
Sex Roles Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Generations of scholars have examined the variety of correlates of attitudes and behaviors of heterosexual men toward gay men. There has also been substantial exploration of the impact of homophobia on gay men and its gendering of heterosexual men. However, less research exists into the effects of the liberalization of sexual attitudes on these groups. In this forum, we call for scholarly engagement with a relatively new arena of masculinities studies: the impact of decreasing homophobia on socially acceptable gendered behaviors among heterosexual males in the U.S. We offer homohysteria as a concept to examine the social impact of heterosexual male’s fear of being thought gay; suggesting that homohysteria is an effective heurism for investigating micro- and macro-level processes relating homophobia to masculinity. Our thesis is that as homohysteria declines, heterosexual males are able to engage in homosocial relationships characterized by a number of positive traits, including: the social inclusion of gay male peers; the embrace of once-feminized artifacts; increased emotional intimacy; increased physical tactility; the erosion of the one-time rule of homosexuality; and a rejection of violence. We focus solely upon heterosexual males and their attitudes toward gay males because these are the demographics of the participants in the empirical research in this area. We then highlight eight key areas where further research could both develop homohysteria as a concept and enhance understanding of social life.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Adam, B. (1998). Theorizing homophobia. Sexualities, 1, 387–404. doi:10.1177/136346098001004001.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Adams, A. (2011). “Josh wears pink cleats”: Inclusive masculinity on the soccer field. Journal of Homosexuality, 58, 579–596. doi:10.1080/00918369.2011.563654.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Adams, A., & Anderson, E. (2012). Exploring the relationship between homosexuality and sport among the teammates of a small, Midwestern Catholic college soccer team. Sport, Education and Society, 17, 347–363. doi:10.1080/13573322.2011.608938.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Adams, H. E., Wright, L. W., & Lohr, B. A. (1996). Is homophobia associated with homosexual arousal? Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 105, 440–445. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.105.3.440.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Afary, J. (2009). Sexual politics in modern Iran. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, E. (2005). Orthodox and inclusive masculinities: Competing masculinities among heterosexual men in a feminized terrain. Sociological Perspectives, 48, 104–115.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, E. (2008a). ‘Being masculine is not about who you sleep with…:’ Heterosexual athletes contesting masculinity and the one-time rule of homosexuality. Sex Roles, 58, 104–15. doi:10.1007/s11199-007-9337-7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, E. (2008b). Inclusive masculinity in a fraternal setting. Men and Masculinities, 10, 604–620. doi:10.1177/1097184X06291907.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, E. (2009). Inclusive masculinity: The changing nature of masculinities. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, E. (2011a). Updating the outcome: Gay athletes, straight teams, and coming out in educationally based sport teams. Gender and Society, 25, 250–268. doi:10.1177/0891243210396872.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, E. (2011b). The rise and fall of western homohysteria. Journal of Feminist Scholarship, 1, 80–94.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, E. (2011c). Inclusive masculinities of university soccer players in the American Midwest. Gender and Education, 23, 729–744. doi:10.1080/09540253.2010.528377.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, E. (2014). 21 st Century Jocks. London: Palgrave MacMillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, E., & Bullingham, R. (2013). Openly lesbian team sport athletes in an era of decreasing homohysteria. International Review for the Sociology of Sport. Advance online publication. doi:10.1177/1012690213490520.

  • Avery, A., Chase, J., Johansson, L., Litvak, S., Montero, D., & Wydra, M. (2007). America’s changing attitudes toward homosexuality, civil unions, and same-gender marriage: 1977–2004. Social Work, 52, 71–79. doi:10.1093/sw/52.1.71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baker, P. L., & Hotek, D. R. (2011). Grappling with gender: Exploring masculinity and gender in the bodies, performances, and emotions of scholastic wrestlers. Journal of Feminist Scholarship, 1, 1–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barrett, T. (2013). Friendships between men across sexual orientation: The importance of (others) being intolerant. The Journal of Men’s Studies, 21, 62–77. doi:10.3149/jms.2101.62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Basow, S. A., & Johnson, K. (2000). Predictors of homophobia in female college students. Sex Roles, 42, 391–404. doi:10.1023/A:1007098221316.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baunach, D. M. (2012). Changing same-sex marriage attitudes in America from 1988 through 2010. Public Opinion Quarterly, 76, 364–378. doi:10.1093/poq/nfs022.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beisel, N. K. (1998). Imperiled innocents: Anthony Comstock and family reproduction in Victorian America. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berila, B., & Choudhuri, D. (2005). Metrosexuality the middle class way: Exploring race, class and gender in Queer Eye for the Straight Guy. Genders Online Journal, 42. Retrieved from http://www.genders.org/g42/g42_berila_choudhuri.html.

  • Bird, S. R. (1996). Welcome to the men’s club: Homosociality and the maintenance of hegemonic masculinity. Gender and Society, 10, 120–132. doi:10.1177/089124396010002002.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Britton, D. M. (1990). Homophobia and homosociality. The Sociological Quarterly, 31, 423–439. doi:10.1111/j.1533-8525.1990.tb00337.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bryant, K., & Vidal-Ortiz, S. (2008). Introduction to retheorizing homophobias. Sexualities, 11, 387–396. doi:10.1177/1363460708091740.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burstein, P. (1998). Bringing the public back in: Should sociologists consider the impact of public opinion on public policy. Social Forces, 77, 27–62. doi:10.1093/sf/77.1.27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burton-Nelson, B. (1994). The stronger women get, the more men love football: Sexism and the American culture of sports. New York: Harcourt Brace.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cancian, F. M. (1990). Love in America: Gender and self-development. New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chaves, M. (1989). Secularization and religious revival: Evidence from US church attendance rates, 1972-1986. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 28, 464–477.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cleland, J. (2013). Discussing homosexuality on association football fan message boards: A changing cultural context. International Review for the Sociology of Sport. Advance online publication. doi:10.1177/1012690213475437.

  • Coad, D. (2008). The metrosexual: Gender, sexuality and sport. Albany: State University of New York Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cocks, H. G. (2003). Nameless offences: Homosexual desire in the 19 th Century. London: I.B. Taurus.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohler, B. J., & Hammack, P. L. (2007). The psychological world of the gay teenager: Social change, narrative, and “normality”. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 36, 47–59. doi:10.1007/s10964-006-9110-1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Connell, R. W. (1992). A very straight gay: Masculinity, homosexual experience, and the dynamics of gender. American Sociological Review, 57, 735–751. doi:10.2307/2096120.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Connell, R. W., & Messerschmidt, J. (2005). Hegemonic masculinity: Rethinking the concept. Gender and Society, 19, 829–859. doi:10.1177/0891243205278639.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crenshaw, K. (1997). Intersectionality and identity politics: Learning from violence against women of color. In M. Shanley & V. Narayan (Eds.), Reconstructing political theory: Feminist perspectives (pp. 178–193). Cambridge: Polity.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dashper, K. (2012). ‘Dressage is full of queens!’ Masculinity, sexuality and equestrian sport. Sociology, 46, 1109–1124. doi:10.1177/0038038512437898.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dean, J. J. (2013). Heterosexual masculinities, anti-homophobias, and shifts in hegemonic masculinity: The identity practices of black and white heterosexual men. The Sociological Quarterly, 54, 534–560. doi:10.1111/tsq.12036.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Demetriou, D. Z. (2001). Connell’s concept of hegemonic masculinity: A critique. Theory and Society, 30, 337–61. doi:10.1023/A:1017596718715.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Derlega, V. J., Lewis, R. J., Harrison, S., Winstead, B. A., & Costanza, R. (1989). Gender differences in the initiation and attribution of tactile intimacy. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 13(2), 83–96. doi:10.1007/BF00990792.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Floyd, K. (2000). Affectionate same-sex touch: The influence of homophobia on observers’ perceptions. The Journal of Social Psychology, 140, 774–788. doi:10.1080/00224540009600516.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Foucault, M. (1984). The history of sexuality, volume 1: An introduction. (F. Hurley, Trans.). New York: Vintage.

  • Frank, D. J., Camp, B., & Boutcher, S. (2010). Worldwide trends in the criminal regulation of sex, 1945 to 2005. American Sociological Review, 75, 867–893. doi:10.1177/0003122410388493.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gee, S. (2013). Bending the codes of masculinity: David Beckham and flexible masculinity in the new millennium. Sport in Society, Advance online publication. doi:10.1080/17430437.2013.806034.

  • Gordon, A. R., & Meyer, I. H. (2008). Gender nonconformity as a target of prejudice, discrimination, and violence against LGB individuals. Journal of LGBT Health Research, 3(3), 55–71. doi:10.1080/15574090802093562.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gottzén, L., & Kremer-Sadlik, T. (2012). Fatherhood and youth sports: A balancing act between care and expectations. Gender and Society, 26, 639–664. doi:10.1177/0891243212446370.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gray, M. L. (2009). Out in the country: Youth, media, and queer visibility in rural America. New York: New York University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenberg, D. F. (1988). The construction of homosexuality. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Griffin, P. (1998). Strong women, deep closets: Lesbians and homophobia in sport. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

    Google Scholar 

  • Halkitis, P. N. (2000). Redefining masculinity in the age of AIDS: Seropositive gay men and the “buff agenda.”. In P. Nardi (Ed.), Gay masculinities (pp. 130–151). London: Sage.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Hall, L. A. (2013). Sex, gender and social change in Britain since 1880. London: Palgrave MacMillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton, L. (2007). Trading on heterosexuality college women’s gender strategies and homophobia. Gender and Society, 21, 145–172. doi:10.1177/0891243206297604.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hamowy, R. (1977). Preventive medicine and the criminalization of sexual immorality in nineteenth century America. In R. E. Barnett & J. Hagel (Eds.), Assessing the criminal: Restitution, retribution and the legal process. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris, M. (1964). Patterns of race in the Americas. New York: Walker.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herek, G. M. (1988). Heterosexuals’ attitudes towards lesbians and gay men. Journal of Sex Research, 25, 451–477. doi:10.1080/00224498809551476.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Herek, G. M. (2000). Sexual prejudice and gender: Do heterosexuals’ attitudes toward lesbians and gay men differ. Journal of Social Issues, 56, 251–266. doi:10.1080/00224498809551476.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Herek, G. M. (2004). Beyond homophobia: Thinking about sexual prejudice and stigma in the twenty-first century. Sexuality Research & Social Policy, 1, 6–24. doi:10.1525/srsp.2004.1.2.6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hinrichs, D., & Rosenberg, P. (2002). Attitudes toward gay, lesbian, and bisexual persons among heterosexual liberal arts college students. Journal of Homosexuality, 43, 61–84. doi:10.1300/J082v43n01_04.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ibson, J. (2002). Picturing men: A century of male relationships in everyday life. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, D. K. (2004). The Lavender scare: The cold war persecution of gays and lesbians in the federal government. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karimi, A. (in press). Iranian homosexuals: Social identity formation and question of femininity. Culture & Psychology.

  • Keleher, A., & Smith, E. (2012). Growing support for gay and lesbian equality since 1990. Journal of Homosexuality, 59, 1307–1326. doi:10.1080/00918369.2012.720540.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kian, E. M., Clavio, G., Vincent, J., & Shaw, S. D. (2011). Homophobic and sexist yet uncontested: Examining football fan postings on Internet message boards. Journal of Homosexuality, 58, 680–699. doi:10.1080/00918369.2011.563672.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kimmel, M. S. (1994). Masculinity as homophobia. In H. Brod & M. Kaufman (Eds.), Theorizing masculinities (pp. 119–141). London: Sage.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Kimmel, M. S. (1996). Manhood in America: A cultural history. New York: Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kinsey, A. C., Pomeroy, W. B., & Martin, C. E. (1948). Sexual behavior in the human male. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kohut, A. (2013). The global divide on homosexuality: Greater acceptance in more secular and affluent countries. Washington, DC: Pew research center.

    Google Scholar 

  • Langer, G. (2013). ABC/Washington post poll: Gay marriage: Poll tracks dramatic rise in support for gay marriage. Washington, DC: Langer Research Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lawrence et al. v. Texas, 539 U.S. 558-606 (2003).

  • Loftus, J. (2001). America’s liberalization in attitudes toward homosexuality, 1973–1998. American Sociological Review, 66, 762–782. doi:10.2307/3088957.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lottes, I. L., & Grollman, E. A. (2010). Conceptualization and assessment of homonegativity. International Journal of Sexual Health, 22, 219–233. doi:10.1080/19317611.2010.489358.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lugg, C. A. (1998). The religious right and public education: The paranoid politics of homophobia. Educational Policy, 12, 267–283. doi:10.1177/0895904898012003003.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Luttrell, W. (2012). Making boys’ careworlds visible. Thymos: Journal of Boyhood Studies, 6, 186–202. doi:10.3149/thy.0602.186.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacInnis, C. C., & Hodson, G. (2012). Is homophobia associated with an implicit same-sex attraction? Journal of Sex Research, 50, 777–785. doi:10.1080/00224499.2012.690111.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marsiglio, W. (1993). Attitudes toward homosexual activity and gays as friends: A national survey of heterosexual 15- to 19-year-old males. The Journal of Sex Research, 30, 12–17. doi:10.1080/00224499309551673.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCormack, M. (2011). Mapping the terrain of homosexually-themed language. Journal of Homosexuality, 58, 664–679. doi:10.1080/00918369.2011.563665.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • McCormack, M. (2012). The declining significance of homophobia: How teenage boys are redefining masculinity and homophobia. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCormack, M. (2014). The intersections of youth masculinities, decreasing homophobia and class: An ethnography. British Journal of Sociology, 65(1).

  • McCormack, M. Metrosexual(ity). In P. Whelehan & A. Bolin (Eds.), The encyclopedia of human sexuality. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. (in press)

  • McCreary, D. R. (1994). The male role and avoiding femininity. Sex Roles, 31, 517–531. doi:10.1007/BF01544277.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McGuffey, C. S., & Rich, B. L. (1999). Playing in the gender transgression zone: Race, class, and hegemonic masculinity in middle childhood. Gender and Society, 13, 608–627. doi:10.1177/089124399013005003.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, I. H. (2003). Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 674–697. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.129.5.674.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Michael, B. (2013). ‘Just don’t hit on me and I’m fine’: Mapping high school wrestlers’ relationship to inclusive masculinity and heterosexual recuperation. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, Advance online publication. doi:10.1177/1012690213501168.

  • Moses, L. (2013, June 19). Millennial guys are turning to makeup. Adweek. Retrieved from http://www.adweek.com/news/advertising-branding/millennial-guys-are-turning-makeup-150313

  • Negy, C., & Eisenman, R. (2005). A comparison of African American and White college students’ affective and attitudinal reactions to Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual individuals. Journal of Sex Research, 42, 291–298. doi:10.1080/00224490509552284.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Netzley, S. B. (2010). Visibility that demystifies: Gays, gender, and sex on television. Journal of Homosexuality, 57, 949–967. doi:10.1080/00918369.2010.503505.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Norton, R. (1992). Mother clap’s molly house: The gay subculture in England, 1700–1830. London: GMP Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Page, B., & Shapiro, R. Y. (1992). The rational public: Fifty years of opinion trends. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • PEW. (2013). Growing support for gay marriage: Changed minds and changing demographics. Washington, D.C.: PEW Research Center.

    Google Scholar 

  • Plummer, D. (1999). One of the boys: Masculinity, homophobia and modern manhood. New York: Harrington Park Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Plummer, D. (2011). Masculinity + HIV = risk: exploring the relationship between masculinities, education and HIV in the Caribbean. In J. F. Klot & V.-K. Nguyen (Eds.), The fourth wave: Violence, gender, culture & HIV in the 21st Century (pp. 139–156). Paris: UNESCO.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pollack, W. (1999). Real boys: Rescuing our sons from the myths of boyhood. New York, NY: Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pronger, B. (1990). The arena of masculinity: Sports, homosexuality, and the meaning of sex. London: GMP publishers.

  • Pryor, J., DeAngelo, L., Blake, L. P., Hurtado, S., & Tran, S. (2011). The American freshman: National norms fall 2011. Los Angeles: Higher Education Research Institute, UCLA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rich, A. (1980). Compulsory heterosexuality and lesbian existence. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 5, 631–660.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Riley, B. H. (2010). GLB adolescent’s “coming out”. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing, 23, 3–10. doi:10.1111/j.1744-6171.2009.00210.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rivers, I. (2011). Homophobic bullying: Research and theoretical perspectives. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, S. (2013). Boys will be boys…won’t they? Change and continuities in contemporary young working-class masculinities. Sociology, 47, 671–686. doi:10.1177/0038038512453791.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, J. P., & Espelage, D. L. (2011). Inequities in educational and psychological outcomes between LGBTQ and straight students in middle and high school. Educational Researcher, 40, 315–330. doi:10.3102/0013189X11422112.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rubin, G. (2012). Introduction: Sex, gender and politics. In G. Rubin (Ed.), Deviations (pp. 1–32). Durham, NC: Duke University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rupp, L. J., & Taylor, V. (2010). Straight girls kissing. Contexts, 9, 28–32. doi:10.1525/ctx.2010.9.3.28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Russell, S. T. (2005). Beyond risk: Resilience in the lives of sexual minority youth. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Issues in Education, 2(3), 5–18. doi:10.1300/J367v02n03_02.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Russell, S. T., & Joyner, K. (2001). Adolescent sexual orientation and suicide risk: Evidence from a national study. American Journal of Public Health, 91, 1276–1281. doi:10.2105/AJPH.91.8.1276.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, C., & Rivers, I. (2003). Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender youth: Victimization and its correlates in the USA and UK. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 5, 103–119. doi:10.1080/1369105011000012883.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Savin-Williams, R. C. (2005). The new gay teenager. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Savin-Williams, R. C., & Vrangalova, Z. (2013). Mostly heterosexual as a distinct sexual orientation group: A systematic review of the empirical evidence. Developmental Review, 33, 58–88. doi:10.1016/j.dr.2013.01.001.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schope, R. D., & Eliason, M. J. (2003). Sissies and tomboys: Gender role behaviors and homophobia. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social Services, 16(2), 73–97. doi:10.1300/J041v16n02_05.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, P., & Rutter, V. (1998). The gender of sexuality. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seidman, S. (2002). Beyond the closet: The transformation of gay and lesbian life. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shepard, B. (2009). History, narrative and sexual identity: Gay liberation and postwar movements for sexual freedom in the United States. In P. L. Hammack & B. J. Cohler (Eds.), The story of sexual identity: Narrative perspectives on the gay and lesbian life course (pp. 23–48). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Sherkat, D. E., Powell-Williams, M., Maddox, G., & De Vries, K. M. (2011). Religion, politics, and support for same-sex marriage in the United States, 1988–2008. Social Science Research, 40, 167–180. doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2010.08.009.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shilts, R. (1987). And the band played on: People, politics, and the AIDS epidemic. New York: St. Martins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, S. J., Axelton, A. M., & Saucier, D. A. (2009). The effects of contact on sexual prejudice: A meta-analysis. Sex Roles, 61, 178–191. doi:10.1007/s11199-009-9627-3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spencer, C. (1995). Homosexuality in history. Florida: Harcourt Brace.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stein, A. (2005). Make room for Daddy: Anxious masculinity and emergent homophobias in neopatriarchal politics. Gender and Society, 19, 601–620. doi:10.1177/0891243205277309.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stotzer, R. L. (2009). Straight allies: Supportive attitudes toward lesbians, gay men, and bisexuals in a college sample. Sex Roles, 60, 67–80. doi:10.1007/s11199-008-9508-1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Supreme Court of the United States (2003). Lawrence et al. v. Texas. 539 U. S. 558–606. Downloaded from Supereme.Justia.com.

  • Supreme Court of the United States (2013). United States v. Windsor. 570 U.S. 1–17. Downloaded from Supreme.Justia.com.

  • Szalacha, L. (2003). Safer sexual diversity climates. American Journal of Education, 110, 58–88. doi:10.1007/s11199-008-9508-1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, E. M., Sinclair, K. O., Wilchins, R., & Russell, S. T. (2013). It’s how you look or what you like: Gender harassment at school and its association with student adjustment. In R. Brooks, M. McCormack, & K. Bhopal (Eds.), Contemporary debates in the sociology of education (pp. 149–167). London: Palgrave MacMillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thorne, B., & Luria, Z. (1986). Sexuality and gender in children’s daily worlds. Social Problems, 33, 176–190. doi:10.1525/sp.1986.33.3.03a00020.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • United States v. Windsor, 570 U.S. 1–17 (2013).

  • Walls, N. E., Kane, S. B., & Wisneski, H. (2010). Gay-straight alliances and school experiences of sexual minority youth. Youth & Society, 41, 307–332. doi:10.1177/0044118X09334957.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walters, S. D. (2001). All the rage. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ward, J. (2008). Dude sex. Sexualities, 11, 414–434. doi:10.1177/1363460708091742.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Way, N. (2012). Deep secrets. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weeks, J. (1985). Sexuality and its discontents. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Weeks, J. (1990). Coming out: Homosexual politics in Britain from the nineteenth century to the present. London: Quartet.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weeks, J. (1991). Against nature: Essays on history, sexuality and identity. London: Rivers Oram Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weeks, J. (2007). The world we have won. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weinberg, G. (1972). Society and the healthy homosexual. New York: St Martin’s.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whitley, B. E., Jr. (2001). Gender role variables and attitudes toward homosexuality. Sex Roles, 45, 691–721. doi:10.1023/A:1015640318045.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, C. L. (1995). Hidden advantages for men in nursing. Nursing Administration Quarterly, 19(2), 63–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Worthen, M. G. F. (2012). Understanding college student attitudes toward LGBT individuals. Sociological Focus, 45, 285–305. doi:10.1080/00380237.2012.712857.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Worthen, M. G. F. (2013). An argument for separate analyses of attitudes toward lesbian, gay, bisexual men, bisexual Women, MtF and FtM transgender individuals. Sex Roles, 68, 703–723. doi:10.1007/s11199-012-0155-1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wright, L. W., Adams, H. E., & Bernat, J. (1999). Development and validation of the homophobia scale. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 21, 337–347. doi:10.1023/A:1022172816258.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yang, A. S. (1997). Trends: Attitudes toward homosexuality. The Public Opinion Quarterly, 61, 477–507. doi:10.1086/297810.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zuhur, S. (2005). Gender, sexuality and the criminal laws in the Middle East and North Africa: A comparative study. Women for Women’s Human Rights, 1–76.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Applied Social Sciences, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3HN, UK

    Mark McCormack

  2. Department of Sport Studies, University of Winchester, Winchester, SO22 4NR, UK

    Eric Anderson

Authors
  1. Mark McCormack
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Eric Anderson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mark McCormack.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

McCormack, M., Anderson, E. The Influence of Declining Homophobia on Men’s Gender in the United States: An Argument for the Study of Homohysteria. Sex Roles 71, 109–120 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-014-0358-8

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-014-0358-8

Keywords

Search

Navigation