Skip to main content

Watching My Weight: Self-Weighing, Body Surveillance, and Body Dissatisfaction

Abstract

Understanding of the benefits of self-weighing are currently mixed, particularly with respect to women’s psychological health. Applying Objectification theory (Fredrickson and Roberts 1997), we explored the role of body surveillance as a mechanism in the link between self-weighing, a common weight management technique, and body dissatisfaction. The study was cross-sectional and the sample included primarily Caucasian, US college students from the Northeast (N = 145). Participants completed measures of self-weighing, body surveillance, and body dissatisfaction. We predicted that body surveillance would mediate the positive relation between self-weighing and body dissatisfaction. Results supported our prediction; however additional work is necessary to clarify the potential negative effects of self-weighing on women’s body image.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.

Fig. 1

References

  • Calogero, R. M. (2004). A test of objectification theory: The effect of male gaze on appearance concerns in college women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 28, 16–21. doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.2004.00118.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Calogero, R. M., & Thompson, J. K. (2009). Sexual self-esteem in American and British women: Relations with self-objectification and eating problems. College Sex Roles, 60, 160–173. doi:10.1007/s11199-008-9517-0.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Calogero, R. M., Davis, W. N., & Thompson, J. K. (2005). The role of self-objectification in the experience of women with eating disorders. Sex Roles, 52, 43–50. doi:10.1007/s11199-005-1192-9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, Z., & Fairburn, C. G. (2001). A new cognitive behavioural approach to the treatment of obesity. Behavior Research and Therapy, 39, 499–511. doi:10.1016/S0005-7967(00)00065-6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crow, S., Eisenberg, M. E., Story, M., & Neumark-Sztainer, D. (2008). Suicidal behavior in adolescents: Relationship to weight status, weight control behaviors, and body dissatisfaction. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 41, 82–87. doi:10.1002/eat.20466.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davison, T. E., & McCabe, M. P. (2005). Relationships between men’s and women’s body image and their psychological, social, and sexual functioning. Sex Roles, 52, 463–475. doi:10.1007/s11199-005-3712-z.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Efron, B., & Tibshirani, R. J. (1993). An introduction to the bootstrap. London: Chapman & Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feingold, A., & Mazzella, R. (1998). Gender differences in body image are increasing. Psychological Science, 9, 190–195. doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00036.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Franz, M. J., VanWormer, J. J., Crain, A. L., Boucher, J. L., Histon, T., Caplan, W., et al. (2007). Weight-loss outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of weight-loss clinical trials with a minimum 1-year follow-up. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 107, 1755–1767. doi:10.1016/j.jada.2007.07.017.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fredrickson, B. L., & Roberts, T. (1997). Objectification theory: Toward understanding women’s lived experiences and mental health risks. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21, 173–206. doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.1997.tb00108.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fredrickson, B. L., Roberts, T., Noll, S. M., Quinn, D. M., & Twenge, J. M. (1998). That swimsuit becomes you: Sex differences in self-objectification, restrained eating, and math performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 269–284. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.75.1.269.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garner, D. M. (2004). Eating disorder inventory—3 Professional Manual. Lutz, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenleaf, C. (2005). Self-objectification among physically active women. Sex Roles, 52, 51–62. doi:10.1007/s11199-005-1193-8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hayes, A. F. (2009). Beyond Baron and Kenny: Statistical mediation analysis in the new millennium. Communication Monographs, 76, 408–420. doi:10.1080/03637750903310360.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hebl, M., King, E., & Lin, J. (2004). The swimsuit becomes us all: Ethnicity, gender, and vulnerability to self-objectification. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30, 1322–1331. doi:10.1177/0146167204264052.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holsen, I., Kraft, P., & Roysamb, E. (2001). The relationship between body image and depressed mood in adolescence: A 5-year longitudinal panel study. Journal of Health Psychology, 6, 613–627. doi:10.1177/135910530100600601.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Janowsky, D. S., Berens, S. C., & Davis, J. M. (1973). Correlations between mood, weight, and electrolytes during the menstrual cycle: A Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone hypothesis of premenstrual tension. Psychosomatic Medicine, 35, 143–154.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kurtz, D. (2010). Weight loss tricks that don’t involve dieting or (much) exercise. U.S. News and World Report Health. Retrieved from http://health.usnews.com/health-news/blogs/on-women/2010/03/03/6-weight-loss-tricks-that-dont-involve-dieting-or-much-exercise.html

  • Linde, J. A., Jeffery, R. W., French, S. A., Pronk, N. P., & Boyle, R. G. (2005). Self-weighing in weight gain prevention and weight loss trials. Annuals of Behavioral Medicine, 30, 210–216. doi:10.1207/s15324796abm3003_5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Linde, J. A., Jeffery, R. W., Finch, E. A., Simon, G. E., Ludman, E. J., Operskalski, Bh, et al. (2007). Relation of body mass index to depression and weighing frequency in overweight women. Preventive Medicine, 45, 75–79. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2007.03.008.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Malkin, A. R., Wornian, K., & Chrisler, J. S. (1999). Women and weight: Gendered messages on magazine covers. Sex Roles, 40, 647–655. doi:10.1023/A:1018848332464.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McKinley, N. M. (1998). Women and objectified body consciousness: Mothers’ and daughters’ body experience in cultural, developmental, and familial context. Developmental Psychology, 35, 760–769. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.35.3.760.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McKinley, N. M., & Hyde, J. S. (1996). The objectified body consciousness scale. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 20, 181–215. doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.1996.tb00467.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Melbye, L., Tenenbaum, G., & Eklund, R. (2008). Self-objectification and exercise behaviors: The mediating role of social physique anxiety. Journal of Applied Biobehavioral Research, 12, 196–220. doi:10.1111/j.1751-9861.2008.00021.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miner-Rubino, K., Twenge, J. M., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2002). Trait self-objectification in women: Affective and personality correlates. Journal of Research in Personality, 36, 147–172. doi:10.1006/jrpe.2001.2343.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moradi, B., Dirks, D., & Matteson, A. V. (2005). Roles of sexual objectification experiences and internalization of standards of beauty in eating disorder symptomatology: A test and extension of objectification theory. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52, 420–428. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.52.3.420.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morry, M. M., & Staska, S. L. (2001). Magazine exposure: Internalization, self-objectification, eating attitudes, and body satisfaction in male and female university students. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 33, 269–279. doi:10.1037/h0087148.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neumark-Sztainer, D., Story, M., French, S., Cassuto, N., Jacobs, D. R., & Resnick, M. D. (1996). Patterns of health-compromising behaviors among Minnesota adolescents: Sociodemographic variations. American Journal of Public Health, 86, 1599–1606. doi:10.2105/AJPH.86.11.1599.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Neumark-Sztainer, D., Wall, M., Haines, J., Story, M., & Eisenberg, M. E. (2007). Why does dieting predict weight gain in adolescents? Findings from Project EAT-II: A five-year longitudinal study. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 107, 448–455. doi:10.1016/j.jada.2006.12.013.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oehlhof, M. E., Musher-Eizenman, D. R., Neufeld, J. M., & Hauser, J. C. (2009). Self-objectification and ideal body shape for men and women. Body Image, 6, 308–10. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2009.05.002.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ogden, J., & Evans, C. (1996). The problem with weighing: Effects on mood, self-esteem and body image. International Journal of Obesity, 20, 272–277.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ogden, J., & Whyman, C. (1997). The effect of repeated weighing on psychological state. European Eating Disorders Review, 5, 121–130.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40, 879–891. doi:10.3758/BRM.40.3.879.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Quinn, D. M., Kallen, R. W., & Cathey, C. (2006). Body on my mind: The lingering effect of state self-objectification. Sex Roles, 55, 869–874. doi:10.1007/s11199-006-9140-x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, T. N., Killen, J. D., Litt, I. F., Hammer, L. D., Wilson, D. M., Haydel, K. F., et al. (1996). Ethnicity and body dissatisfaction: Are Hispanic and Asian girls at increased risk for eating disorders? Journal of Adolescent Health, 19, 384–393. doi:10.1016/S1054-139X(96)00087-0.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sondhaus, L., Kurtz, R., & Strube, M. (2001). Body attitude, gender, self-concept: A thirty year perspective. The Journal of Psychology, 135, 413–429. doi:10.1080/00223980109603708.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Steer, A. J., & Tiggemann, M. (2008). The role of self-objectification in women’s sexual functioning. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 27, 203–224. doi:10.1521/jscp.2008.27.3.205.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stice, E., & Whitenton, K. (2002). Risk factors for body dissatisfaction in adolescent girls: A longitudinal investigation. Developmental Psychology, 38, 669–678. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.38.5.669.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, J. K., & Stice, E. (2001). Thin-ideal internalization: Mounting evidence for a new risk factor for body-image disturbance and eating pathology. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 10, 181–183. doi:10.1111/1467-8721.00144.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tiggemann, M., & Kuring, J. K. (2004). The role of body objectification in disordered eating and depressed mood. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 43, 299–311. doi:10.1348/0144665031752925.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tiggemann, M., & Slater, A. (2001). A test of objectification theory in former dancers and non-dancers. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 25, 57–64. doi:10.1111/1471-6402.00007.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tylka, T. L. (2004). The relation between body dissatisfaction and eating disorder symptomatology: An analysis of moderating variables. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 51, 178–191. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.51.2.178.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tylka, T. L., & Hill, M. S. (2004). Self-objectification as it related to disordered eating among college women. Sex Roles, 51, 719–730. doi:10.1007/s11199-004-0721-2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vohs, K. D., Heatherton, T. F., & Herrin, M. (1999). Disordered eating and the transition to college: A prospective study. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 29, 280–288. doi:10.1002/eat.1019.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Welsh, E., Sherwood, N., VanWormer, J., Hotop, A., & Jeffery, R. (2009). Is frequent self-weighing associated with poorer body satisfaction? Findings from a phone-based weight loss trial. Journal of Nutrition Education & Behavior, 41, 425–428.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wing, R. R., Tate, D. F., Gorin, A. A., Raynor, J. L., Fava, J. L., & Machan, J. (2007). ‘STOP regain’: Are there negative effects of daily weighing? Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 75, 652–656. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.75.4.652.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wing, R. R., Fava, J. L., Phelan, S., McCaffery, J., Papandonatos, G., Gorin, A. A., et al. (2008). Maintaining large weight losses: The role of behavioral and psychological factors. Journal of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, 76, 1015–1021. doi:10.1037/a0014159.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization (2010). BMI Classification. Retrieved from http://apps.who.int/bmi/index.jsp?introPage=intro_3.html

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Andrea Mercurio.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and Permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Mercurio, A., Rima, B. Watching My Weight: Self-Weighing, Body Surveillance, and Body Dissatisfaction. Sex Roles 65, 47–55 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-011-9980-x

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-011-9980-x

Keywords

  • Body surveillance
  • Body dissatisfaction
  • Self-weighing
  • Women