Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

The Legal Culture of Political Representation: Evolution and Balance of Its Current Situation Within Democracies

  • Published:
International Journal for the Semiotics of Law - Revue internationale de Sémiotique juridique Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This work studies the issue of political representation from the perspective of a specific legal culture, the exercise of political rights in the context of the occidental democratic system, a concept that has undergone a profound evolution to the present day. The essential aspects for an analysis of this progression are voting, decision making, and the relationship between representatives and their constituents. Overall, the phenomena making up the crisis of representation have been explained as a result of changes that have affected the operation and structure of modern states constituted as representative democracies. The idea is that a well-functioning representative system comes primarily from the form of government and electoral system in which it develops.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Explore related subjects

Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.

Notes

  1. Belloso [8].

  2. Nino [93], Gutmann and Thompson [62, 63].

  3. Nino [93], Johnson [68].

  4. The Second Treatise of Civil Government [76]. Cf. Carlyle [17], Fassò [37].

  5. Du contrat social [111]. Cf. Pérez Luño [100].

  6. Political Writings [21].

  7. On Liberty [88].

  8. Mill [88]. Cf. Fernández García [39], Ovejero [94], Rivero [108].

  9. Birch [11], Robinson [109].

  10. El problema del parlamentarismo [69], Teoría general del Derecho y del Estado [70], Esencia y valor de la democracia [71].

  11. ¿Por qué democracia? [110].

  12. Democracia: las técnicas [13]. Cf. Champeil-Desplat [20].

  13. The Conquest of Politics. Liberal Philosophy in Democratic Times [6], Dahl [25], Seco and Rodríguez Prieto [113].

  14. The Life and Times of Liberal Democracy [78], Participation and Democratic Theory [98]. Cf. Dahl [24].

  15. Martí [85]. Cf. Dryzek [33, 34], Niemeyer and Dryzek [92].

  16. Deliberative Democracy: The Majority Principle in Republican Government [9], The Mild Voice of Reason: Deliberative Democracy & American National Government [10].

  17. Marti [85].

  18. The Mild Voice of Reason: Deliberative Democracy & American National Government [10]. Sobre este tema ver Arenas-Dolz and Pérez Zafrilla [3].

  19. Chambers [19], Martí [85].

  20. Costa [22], De Lucas [26], Martí [85].

  21. Laporta [74]. Cf. Böckenförde [14], Lifante [75].

  22. Sobre la teoría de la democracia y el concepto de representación política: algunas propuestas de debate [74], Martí [85]. Cf. Speech to the Electors of Bristol [16], Leviathan: or the Matter, Form, and Power of a Commonwealth Ecclesiastical and Civil [66], The Declaration of Independence [67], El problema del parlamentarismo [68], Esencia y valor de la democracia [69], The Federalist Papers [79], De l´esprit des lois [27], Du contrat social [111], Escritos y discursos de la Revolución [116], The Wealth of Nations [117], Considerations on Representative Government [87], On Liberty [88].

  23. Martí [85]. Cf. Fearon [38].

  24. Ferrajoli [43].

  25. Ferrajoli [42].

  26. Sen [114].

  27. Principia iuris. Teoría del Derecho y la democracia [43].

  28. Ruiz Miguel [112]. Cf. Pellizoni [99], Steiner, Bächtiger, Spörndli and Steenbergen [120], Warren [127].

  29. Ruiz Miguel [112]. Cf. Essays on Freedom and Power [1], Political Writings [21], The Constitution of Liberty [124], Law, Legislation and Liberty: A New Statement of the Liberal Principles of Justice and Political Economy [125], El problema del parlamentarismo [69], Esencia y valor de la democracia [71], “Todos los hombres son mentirosos: ¿carece de sentido la democracia? [77], The Man versus the State [119], Considerations on Representative Government [87], De la démocratie en Amérique [28].

  30. Kitschelt [72], Zaller [128].

  31. Máiz [80–82].

  32. Ovejero [94, 95].

  33. Diggs [30], Eulau and Karps [36], García Guitián [49].

  34. Ferrajoli [43].

  35. Ferrajoli [40].

  36. García Guitián [48, 50], Gargarella [51], Mouffe [90].

  37. Ferrajoli [40]. Cf. Criado [23], Fish [44], McBride [86].

  38. Dryzek [31, 32], Niemeyer and Dryzek [92], Elster [35], Goodin [56, 57], Goodin and Niemeyer [58].

  39. Parkinson [97], Ugarriza [123].

  40. Thomassen [121]. Cf. Bardach [7].

  41. Garrorena [55], Porras [106], Smith and Wales [118].

  42. Rico [107]. Cf. Montesquieu [27], Rousseau [111].

  43. Principia iuris. Teoría del Derecho y la democracia [43].

  44. Ferrajoli [43].

  45. Martí [85]. Cf. Manin [83].

  46. Ansolabehere [2], Nelken [91].

  47. García Alonso [47].

  48. Greppi [61], Habermas [64], Pitkin [105].

  49. Crisis de la representación política [48], Representación plena, deliberación e imparcialidad [53], Phillips [103].

  50. Democracia representativa y virtud cívica [54].

  51. Gallardo [46], Landwehr [73], Pérez Muñoz [101], Waldron [126].

  52. Ferrajoli [41], Moreso [89].

  53. Ferrajoli [43].

  54. Deliberative Democracy, the Discursive Dilemma, and Republican Theory [102].

  55. Santiago [113]. Cf. Paramio [96].

  56. Böckenförde [14], Herrera and Pinon [65], Pintore [104].

  57. Böckenförde [15], Tuori [122]. Cf. Fraser [45].

  58. Greppi [60]. Cf. Bobbio [12], Manin, Przeworski, and Stokes [84].

  59. Gordillo [59].

  60. Centre International de Documentation Parlementaire de l´Union Interparlementaire [18].

  61. Arnaud [4], Arnaud and Fariñas [5], Delmas-Marty [29].

References

  1. Acton, John Emerich. 1999. Essays on freedom and power. Glencoe: The Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Ansolabehere, Karina. 2011–2012. Cultura legal. Eunomia 1:133–140.

  3. Arenas-Dolz, Francisco, and Pedro Jesús Pérez Zafrilla. 2010. Retórica deliberativa y racionalidad práctica: La rehabilitación pública en la vida política. Revista Española de Ciencia Política 22: 29–48.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Arnaud, André-Jean. 1991. Pour une pensée juridique européenne. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Arnaud, André-Jean, and M. José. Fariñas. 2006. Sistemas jurídicos: Elementos para un análisis sociológico (trans: Escudero, R.). Madrid: Carlos III University of Madrid-Official State Bulletin.

  6. Barber, Benjamin. 1988. The conquest of politics. Liberal philosophy in democratic times. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Bardach, Eugene. 1981. On representing the public interest. Ethics 91: 486–490.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Belloso, Nuria. 2011. Repensando la democracia en la perspectiva de las teorías deliberativas: en busca de unos ciudadanos deliberantes. In El retorno a la sociedad civil. Democracia, ciudadanía y pluralismo en el siglo XXI, coords. Nuria Belloso and Alfonso de Julios Campuzano, ed. Nuria Bessette, and Alfonso de Julios Campuzano, 207–237. Madrid: Oñati International Institute for the Sociology of Law-Dykinson.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Bessette, Joseph M. 1980. Deliberative democracy: The majority principle in republican government. In How democratic is the constitution? ed. Robert A. Goldwinand, and William A. Schambra, 102–116. Washington: American Enterprise Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Bessette, Joseph M. 1994. The mild voice of reason: Deliberative democracy & American National Government. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Birch, Anthony H. 2001. Concepts and theories of modern democracy. London: Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  12. Bobbio, Norberto. 1988. Rappresentanza e interessi. In Rappresentanza e democrazia, ed. Gianfranco Pasquino, 365–402. Rome-Bari: Laterza.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Bobbio, Norberto. 2009. Democracia: las técnicas (trans: Fernández Santillán, J.). In Teoría general de la política, ed. Michelangelo Bovero, 155–172. Madrid: Trotta.

  14. Böckenforde, Ernst Wolfgang. 1985. Democrazia e rappresentanza. Quaderni Costituzionali 2: 227–264.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Böckenforde, Ernst Wolfgang. 1993. Estudios sobre el Estado de Derecho y la democracia (trans: Requejo, J. L., and I. Villaverde). Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft.

  16. Burke, Edmund. 1999. Speech to the electors of Bristol. In Select Works of Edmund Burke, ed. comp. F. Canavan, 5–15. Indianapolis: Liberty Fund.

  17. Carlyle, Alexander James. 1980. Political liberty. Westport (Connet.): Freenwood Press.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Centre International de Documentation Parlementaire de l´Union Interparlementaire 1987. Les Parlements dans le monde. Recueil de Données Comparatives. Brussels: Bruylant.

  19. Chambers, Simone. 2003. Deliberative democracy theory. Annual Review of Political Science 6: 307–326.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Champeil-Desplats, Véronique. 2008. Norberto Bobbio: Pourquoi la démocratie?. Paris: Michel Houdiard.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Constant, Benjamin. 1988. Political writings. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Costa, Pietro. 2005. El problema de la representación política: una perspectiva histórica. In La representación en el Derecho, Anuario de la Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, coord. Rafael del Águila 8: 15–61.

  23. Criado, Marcos. 2007. Representación, Estado y democracia. Valencia: Tirant lo Blanch.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Dahl, Robert. 1991. Democracy and its critics. New Haven, London: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Dahl, Robert. 2005. Who governs. New Haven, London: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  26. de Lucas, Javier. 1999. Sobre la justificación de la democracia representativa. Doxa 6: 187–199.

    Google Scholar 

  27. de Secondat Montesquieu, Charles Louis. 2005. De l´esprit des lois. Paris: Garnier-Flammarion.

    Google Scholar 

  28. de Tocqueville, Alexis. 2012. De la démocratie en Amérique. Saint-Amand: Gallimard.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Delmas-Marty, Mireille. 1989. Raissoner la raison d´État vers une Europe des droits de l´homme. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Diggs, Bernard J. 1968. Practical representation. Nomos X: 28–37.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Dryzek, John S. 1999. Discursive democracy: Politics, policy and political science. New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Dryzek, John S. 2001. Legitimacy and economy in deliberative democracy. Political Theory 29: 651–669.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Dryzek, John S. 2002. Deliberative democracy and beyond. Liberals, critics, contestation. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  34. Dryzek, John S. 2005. Deliberative democracy in divided societies. Political Theory 2: 218–242.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Elster, Jon. 1997. The market and the forum: Three varieties of political theory. In Deliberative democracy: Essays on reason and democracy, ed. James Bohman, and William Rehg, 103–132. Cambridge: The Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Eulau, Heinz, and Paul D. Karps. 1977. The puzzle of representation: Specifying components of responsiveness. Legislative Studies Quarterly 2: 233–254.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Fassò, Guido. 1982. Historia de la Filosofía del Derecho2 (trans: Lorca Navarrete, J.F.). Madrid: Pirámide.

  38. Fearon, J.D. 2001. La deliberación como discusión. In La democracia deliberativa, ed. John Elster, 65–93 (trans: Lebrón, J.M.). Barcelona: Gedisa.

  39. Fernández García, Eusebio. 1997. Entre la razón de Estado y el Estado de Derecho. La racionalidad política. Dykinson: Madrid.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Ferrajoli, Luigi. 2009. El paradigma normativo de la democracia constitucional (trans: Prieto Sanchís, L.). In Constitucionalismo y garantismo, ed. Gema Marcilla, 15–42. Bogotá: University Externado of Colombia.

  41. Ferrajoli, Luigi. 2010a. Derechos y garantías. La ley del más débil (trans: Andrés Ibáñez, P., and A. Greppi). Madrid: Trotta.

  42. Ferrajoli, Luigi. 2010b. El garantismo y la Filosofía del Derecho (trans: Pisarello, G., A.J. Estrada, and J.M. Díaz Martín). Bogotá: University Externado of Colombia.

  43. Ferrajoli, Luigi. 2011. Principia iuris. Teoría del Derecho y la democracia, vol. 2 (trans: Andrés Ibáñez, P., C. Bayón, M. Gascón, L. Prieto Sanchís, and A. Ruiz Miguel). Madrid: Trotta.

  44. Fish, Stanley. 1999. Mutual respect as device of exclusión. In Deliberative politics. Essays on ‘Democracy and Disagreement’, ed. Stephen Macedo, 62–96. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Fraser, Nancy. 2008. Scales of justice. Reimagining Political Space in a Globalizing World. New York: University of Columbia.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Gallardo, Javier. 2010. Deliberación democrática: Respuesta a Cristian Pérez Muñoz. Revista Uruguaya de Ciencia Política 20(1): 165–177.

    Google Scholar 

  47. García Alonso, Roberto. 2015. Representación política y democracia deliberativa. ¿Qué puede significar hoy la participación política? Estudios políticos 111: 215–226.

    Google Scholar 

  48. García Guitián, Elena. 2001. Crisis de la representación política. Las exigencias de la política de la presencia. Revista de Estudios Políticos 111: 215–226.

    Google Scholar 

  49. García Guitián, Elena. 2005. El significado de la representación política. In La representación en el Derecho, Anuario de la Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, coord. Rafael del Águila 8: 109–120.

  50. García Guitián, Elena. 2010. Problemas de la representación política. In Teoría Política: poder, moral, democracia, ed. Aurelio Arteta, Elena García Guitián, and Ramón Máiz, 387–401. Madrid: Alianza.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Gargarella, Roberto. 1996. La justicia frente al gobierno. Sobre el carácter contramayoritario del poder judicial. Barcelona: Ariel.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Gargarella, Roberto. 1997. Crisis de la representación política. Mexico: Fontamara.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Gargarella, Roberto. 2001. Representación plena, deliberación e imparcialidad. In La democracia deliberativa, 323–345 (trans: Lebrón, J.M., comp. John Elster). Barcelona: Gedisa.

  54. Gargarella, Roberto, and Félix Ovejero. 2000. Democracia representativa y virtud cívica. Claves de razón práctica 105: 10–18.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Garrorena, Ángel. 1994. Representación política y Constitución democrática. Madrid: Civitas.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Goodin, Robert E. 2000. Democratic deliberation within. Philosophy & Public Affairs 29: 81–109.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Goodin, Robert E. 2005. Reflective democracy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Goodin, Robert E., and Simon J. Niemeyer. 2003. When does deliberation begin? Internal reflection versus public discussion in deliberative democracy. Political Studies 51: 627–649.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Gordillo, Antonio. 1978. La representación aparente: una aplicación del principio general de protección de la apariencia. Seville: University of Seville.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Greppi, Andrea. 2006. Concepciones de la democracia en el pensamiento político contemporáneo. Madrid: Trotta.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Greppi, Andrea. 2007. Representación política y deliberación democrática. In Democracia, deliberación y diferencia, ed. Mariano C. Melero, 147–170. Madrid: Autonomous University of Madrid.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Gutmann, Amy, and Dennis Thomson. 2000. Why deliberative democracy is different? Social Philosophy and Policy 17(1): 161–180.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Gutmann, Amy, and Dennis Thomson. 2002. Deliberative democracy beyond process. Journal of Political Philosophy 10(2): 153–174.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Habermas, Jürgen. 2010. Facticidad y validez. Sobre el Derecho y el Estado democrático de Derecho en términos de la teoría del discurso (trans: Jiménez Redondo, M.). Madrid: Trotta.

  65. Herrera, Carlos Miguel, and Stéphane Pinon Pinon. 2012. La démocratie, entre multiplication des droits et contre-pouvoirs sociaux. Paris: Kimé.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  66. Hobbes, Thomas. 2014. Leviathan: Or the Matter, form, and power of a commonwealth ecclesiastical and civil. New York: Collier Books.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Jefferson, Thomas. 2007. The declaration of independence. New York: Verso Books.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Johnson, James. 2001. Argumentos a favor de la deliberación. Algunas consideraciones escépticas. In La democracia deliberativa, 207–233 (trans: Lebrón, J.M., comp. John Elster). Barcelona: Gedisa.

  69. Kelsen, Hans. 1988. El problema del parlamentarismo. In Escritos sobre la democracia y el socialismo (trans: Ruiz Manero, J.). Madrid: Debate.

  70. Kelsen, Hans. 1995. Teoría general del Derecho y del Estado (trans: García Máynez, E.). Mexico: National Autonomous University of Mexico.

  71. Kelsen, Hans. 2002. Esencia y valor de la democracia, ed. J. L. Monereo (trans: Luengo, R., and L. Legaz). Granada: Comares.

  72. Kitschelt, H. 2000. Citizens, politicians and party cartellization: political representation and state failure in post-industrial democracies. European Journal of Political Research 37: 149–179.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Landwehr, Claudia. 2010. Deliberation, voting and truth. Review of Social Sciences 4/3: 152–170.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Laporta, Francisco. 1989. Sobre la teoría de la democracia y el concepto de representación política: algunas propuestas de debate. Doxa 6: 121–141.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  75. Lifante, Isabel. 2009. Sobre el concepto de representación. Doxa 32: 497–523.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. Locke, John. 1982. The second treatise of civil government. Arlington Heights: Harlan Davidson.

    Google Scholar 

  77. Mackie, Gerry. 2001. Todos los hombres son mentirosos: ¿carece de sentido la democracia? In La democracia deliberativa, 95–127 (trans: Lebrón, J.M., comp. John Elster). Barcelona: Gedisa.

  78. MacPherson, Crawford B. 2012. The life and times of liberal democracy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  79. Madison, James. 1982. The federalist papers. Toronto: Bantam Books.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Máiz, Ramón 1998. Deliberación. Repensando la democracia como realización de la política. In Liberalismo, fin de siglo, eds. Ernest Gellner and César Cansino, spanish version of A. Maestre, 207–240. Almería: University of Almería.

  81. Máiz, Ramón. 2005. Nation and deliberation. In Democracy, nationalism, and multiculturalism, ed. Ramón Máiz, and Ferrán Requejo, 58–79. London: Routledge.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  82. Máiz, Ramón. 2006. Deliberación e inclusión en la democracia republicana. Revista Española de Investigaciones Sociológicas 113: 11–47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  83. Manin, Bernard. 1997. The principles of representative government. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  84. Manin, Bernard, Adam Przeworski, and Susan C. Stokes (eds.). 1999. Democracy, accountability and representation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  85. Martí, José Luis. 2006. La república deliberativa. Una teoría de la democracia. Marcial Pons: Madrid.

    Google Scholar 

  86. McBride, Cillian. 2003. Consensus, legitimacy, and the exercise of judgment in political deliberation. Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy 6(3): 104–128.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  87. Mill, J.Stuart. 2009. Considerations on representative government. Waiheke Island: Floating Press.

    Google Scholar 

  88. Mill, J.Stuart. 2011. On liberty. Luton: Andrews UK.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  89. Moreso, José Juan. 2009. Sobre los conflictos entre derechos. In Garantismo. Estudios sobre el pensamiento jurídico de Luigi Ferrajoli, ed. Miguel Carbonell, and Pedro Salazar, 159–170. Madrid: Trotta-Institute of Legal Research, National Autonomous University of Mexico.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Mouffe, Chantal. 2009. The democratic paradox. London, New York: Verso.

    Google Scholar 

  91. Nelken, David. 2004. Using the concept of legal culture. Australian Journal of Legal Philosophy 29: 1–26.

    Google Scholar 

  92. Niemeyer, Simon, and John S. Dryzek. 2006. The ends of deliberation: Meta-consensus and inter-subjective rationality as ideal outcomes. Swiss Political Science Review 13: 497–526.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  93. Nino, Carlos Santiago. 2003. La constitución de la democracia deliberativa (trans: Saba, R.P.). Barcelona: Gedisa.

  94. Ovejero, Félix. 2002. La libertad inhóspita: modelos humanos y democracia liberal. Barcelona: Paidós.

    Google Scholar 

  95. Ovejero, Félix. 2008. Incluso un pueblo de demonios: democracia, liberalismo, republicanismo. Madrid: Katz.

    Google Scholar 

  96. Paramio, Ludolfo. 1996. La sociedad desconfiada. Leviatán 66: 103–114.

    Google Scholar 

  97. Parkinson, John. 2006. Deliberating in the real world. problems of legitimacy in deliberative democracy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  98. Pateman, Carole. 1988. Participation and democratic theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  99. Pellizoni, Luigi. 2001. The myth of the best argument: Power, deliberation and reason. British Journal of Sociology 52(1): 59–86.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  100. Pérez Luño, Antonio Enrique. 2005. Estado de Derecho, derechos humanos y Constitución. Madrid: Tecnos.

    Google Scholar 

  101. Pérez Muñoz, Cristian. 2010. Deliberación y democracia: una réplica a Gallardo. Revista Uruguaya de Ciencia Política 19(1): 59–86.

    Google Scholar 

  102. Pettit, Philip. 2001. Deliberative democracy, the discursive dilemma, and republican theory. In Debating deliberative democracy, ed. James S. Fishkin, and Peter Laslett, 138–162. London: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  103. Phillips, Anne. 1998. The politics of presence. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  104. Pintore, Anna. 2003. I diritti della democrazia. Rome-Bari: Laterza.

    Google Scholar 

  105. Pitkin, Hanna-Fenichel. 1972. The concept of representation. Berkeley-Los Ángeles: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  106. Porras, Antonio Joaquín. 1996. El debate sobre la crisis de la representación política. Madrid: Tecnos.

    Google Scholar 

  107. Rico, Carlos. W.d. Democracia y crisis de la representación política: una revisión deliberativa del modelo liberal, in portal.uam.es/…/CienciaPoliticaRelacionesInternacionales/…/SIF%20CAR. Accessed 1 Jan 2015.

  108. Rivero, Ángel. 2005. Prólogo a Alexis de Tocqueville. In La democracia en América, t. 1 (trans: Sánchez de Aleu, D., and A. de Tocqueville). Madrid: Alianza.

  109. Robinson, Eric W. (ed.). 2004. Ancient greek democracy. Readings and sources. Malden: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  110. Ross, Alf. 1989. ¿Por qué democracia? (trans: Vernengo, R.J.). Madrid: Center for Political and Constitutional Studies.

  111. Rousseau, Jean-Jacques. 2001. Du contrat social. Paris: Flammarion.

    Google Scholar 

  112. Ruiz Miguel, Alfonso. 2004. Constitucionalismo y democracia. Isonomía 21: 51–84.

    Google Scholar 

  113. Santiago, Rodrigo. 2009. Participación y deliberación como correctores del sistema democrático. Estudios fronterizos 10(20): 129–152.

    Google Scholar 

  114. Seco, José M., and Rafael Rodríguez Prieto. 2011. Educación, civismo y democracia. Una mirada desde el pensamiento de Benjamin R. Barber. In El retorno a la sociedad civil. Democracia, ciudadanía y pluralismo en el siglo XXI, coords, ed. Nuria Belloso, and Alfonso de Julios Campuzano, 155–172. Madrid: Oñati International Institute for the Sociology of Law-Dykinson.

    Google Scholar 

  115. Sen, Amartya. 2010. The importance of democracy. In Development as freedom, ed. Amartya Sen, 147–148. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  116. Sieyès, Emmanuel-Joseph. 2007. Escritos y discursos de la Revolución, ed. of Ramón Máiz. Madrid: Center for Political and Constitutional Studies.

  117. Smith, Adam. 2003. The wealth of nations. New York: Bantam Books.

    Google Scholar 

  118. Smith, Graham, and Corinne Wales. 2000. `Citizens´ juries and deliberative democracy. Political Studies 48: 51–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  119. Spencer, Herbert. 1982. The man versus the state. Indianapolis: Liberty Fund.

    Google Scholar 

  120. Steiner, Jurg, Bächtiger Andre, Markus Spörndli, and Marco R. Steenbergen. 2004. Deliberative politics in action, crossnational study of parliamentary debates. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  121. Thomassen, Jacques. 1997. Empirical research into political representation: Faliling democracy or failing methods? In Elections at home and abroad: Essays in honor of Warren E. Miller, ed. M.Kent Jennings, and Thomas E. Mann, 237–264. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

    Google Scholar 

  122. Tuori, Kaarlo. 2002. Critical legal positivism. Aldershot: Ashgate.

    Google Scholar 

  123. Ugarriza, Juan Esteban. 2009. La democracia en el siglo XXI: presente y futuro del modelo deliberativo. Papel político 14(2): 431–465.

    Google Scholar 

  124. von Hayek, Friedrich August. 2006. The constitution of liberty. Abingdon: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  125. von Hayek, Friedrich August. 2013. Law, legislation and liberty: A new statement of the liberal principles of justice and political economy. London, New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  126. Waldron, Jeremy. 2004. Deliberación, desacuerdo y votación. In Democracia deliberativa y derechos humanos, comps. Harold Hoghu Kohand Ronald C. Slye, 249–268 (trans: Bergallo, P., and M. Alegre). Barcelona: Gedisa.

  127. Warren, Mark E. 2000. What can democratic participation mean today? Political Theory 30(5): 677–701.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  128. Zaller, John R. 1992. The nature and origins of mass opinion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Law, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain

    M. Isabel Garrido Gómez

Authors
  1. M. Isabel Garrido Gómez
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to M. Isabel Garrido Gómez.

Additional information

Research Project “Diversidad y convivencia. Los derechos humanos como guía de acción” (DER 2015–65840-R), Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Garrido Gómez, M.I. The Legal Culture of Political Representation: Evolution and Balance of Its Current Situation Within Democracies. Int J Semiot Law 29, 823–841 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-016-9456-y

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-016-9456-y

Keywords

Search

Navigation