Abstract
Sexual health is one of element of general health that has great impact on the health of people with cancer. It has been expressed as a strategy to achieve the millennium development goals. In a review of literature, it was found that there are not qualitative researches on sexual health of individuals with cancer in the background of Iranian culture. The purpose of this study was to explore the perceptions of Iranian patients with cancer regarding sexual health. The study took a qualitative approach. Semi-structured interviews were held with 27 patients with cancer in Iran. Transcripts of the interviews underwent conventional content analysis, and categories emerged. The findings came under 4 major categories: physical health, psychological health, informational health, and socio-cultural health. The major categories also included several subcategories that were explained with the statements of patients. Findings of the current study have the potential to identify sexual health of individuals with cancer in the context of Iranian culture. Our results recommend that all health care providers should work to remain sensitive to sexual health of people with cancer.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Siegel, R.L., Miller, K.D., Jemal, A.: Cancer statistics, 2015, CA. Cancer J. Clin. 65, 5–29 (2015)
Daher, M.: Opioids for cancer pain in the Middle Eastern countries: a physician point of view. J. Pediatr. Hematol. Oncol. 33(Suppl 1), S23–S28 (2011)
Seyedfatemi, N., Borimnejad, L., Mardani Hamooleh, M., Tahmasebi, M.: Iranian nurses’ perceptions of palliative care for patients with cancer pain. Int. J. Palliat. Nurs. 20, 69–74 (2014)
Borimnejad, L., Mardani Hamooleh, M., Seyedfatemi, N., Tahmasebi, M.: Human relationships in palliative care of cancer patient: lived experiences of Iranian nurses. Mater. Sociomed. 26, 35–38 (2014)
Chen, C.P., Huang, K.G., Wan, G.H., Tu, L.Y., Lee, J.T.: Sexual satisfaction and related factors in women previously treated for gynecological cancer. Hu Li Za Zhi 60(2), 61–70 (2013)
Vaughn, M., Silver, K., Murphy, S., Ashbaugh, R., Hoffman, A.: Women with disabilities discuss sexuality in San Francisco focus groups. Sex. Disabil. 33, 19–46 (2015)
Sakellariou, D.: Sexuality and disability: a discussion on care of the self. Sex. Disabil. 30, 187–197 (2012)
Drummond, J.D., Brotman, S.: Intersecting and embodied identities: a Queer woman’s experience of disability and sexuality. Sex. Disabil. 32, 533–549 (2014)
Parchomiuk, M.: Specialists and sexuality of individuals with disability. Sex. Disabil. 30, 407–419 (2012)
Zhou, E.S., Nekhlyudov, L., Bober, S.L.: The primary health care physician and the cancer patient: tips and strategies for managing sexual health. Transl. Androl. Urol. 4(2), 218–231 (2015)
Sert, F., Ozsaran, Z., Eser, E., Alanyal, S.D., Haydaroglu, A., Aras, A.: Quality of life assessment in women with breast cancer: a prospective study including hormonal therapy. J. Breast Cancer 16(2), 220–228 (2013)
WHO. Sexual health: a new focus for WHO. Progress in Reproductive health Research. Progress No 67(2004)
Nagele, E., Den Oudsten, B., Greimel, E.: EORTC Quality of Life Group: how to evaluate sexual health in cancer patients: development of the EORTC sexual health questionnaire for cancer patients. Transl. Androl. Urol. 4(2), 95–102 (2015)
Incrocci, L.: Radiotherapy for prostate cancer and sexual health. Transl. Androl. Urol. 4(2), 124–130 (2015)
Crowley, S.A., Foley, S.M., Wittmann, D., et al.: Sexual health concerns among cancer survivors: testing a novel information-need measure among breast and prostate cancer patients. J. Cancer Educ. (2015). doi:10.1007/s13187-015-0865-5
Ball, M., Nelson, C.J., Shuk, E., et al.: Men’s experience with sexual dysfunction post-rectal cancer treatment: a qualitative study. J. Cancer Educ. 28(3), 494–502 (2013)
Skeppner, E., Fugl-Meyer, K.: Dyadic aspects of sexual well-being in men with laser-treated penile carcinoma. Sex. Med. 3(2), 67–75 (2015)
Liu, C., Ren, H., Li, J., et al.: Predictors for quality of life of bladder cancer patients with ileal conduit: a cross-sectional survey. Eur. J. Oncol. Nurs. 21, 168–173 (2016)
Fahami, F., Savabi, M., Mohamadirizi, S.: Relationship of sexual dysfunction and its associated factors in women with genital and breast cancers, Iran. J. Nurs. Midwifery Res. 20(4), 516–520 (2015)
Graneheim, U.H., Lundman, B.: Qualitative content analysis in nursing research: concepts, procedures and measures to achieve trustworthiness. Nurse Educ. Today 24, 105–112 (2004)
Jun, E.Y., Kim, S., Chang, S.B., Oh, K., Kang, H.S., Kang, S.S.: The effect of a sexual life reframing program on marital intimacy, body image, and sexual function among breast cancer survivors. Cancer Nurs. 34(2), 142–149 (2011)
Hung, M.C., Wu, C.L., Hsu, Y.Y., Hwang, J.S., Cheng, Y.M., Wang, J.D.: Estimation of potential gain in quality of life from early detection of cervical cancer. Value Health 17(4), 482–486 (2014)
Ben Charif, A., Bouhnik, A.D., Courbière, B., et al.: Sexual health problems in French cancer survivors 2 years after diagnosis-the national VICAN survey. J. Cancer Surviv. 10(3), 600–609 (2016)
Gornicki, A., Richter, P., Polkowski, W., et al.: Anorectal and sexual functions after preoperative radiotherapy and full-thickness local excision of rectal cancer. Eur. J. Surg. Oncol. 40(6), 723–730 (2014)
Zeng, Y.C., Li, D., Loke, A.Y.: Life after cervical cancer: quality of life among Chinese women. Nurs. Health Sci. 13(3), 296–302 (2011)
Juraskova, I., Butow, P., Bonner, C., Robertson, R., Sharpe, L.: Sexual adjustment following early stage cervical and endometrial cancer: prospective controlled multi-centre study. Psychooncology 22(1), 153–159 (2013)
Corona, G., Gacci, M., Baldi, E., Mancina, R., Forti, G., Maggi, M.: Androgen deprivation therapy in prostate cancer: focusing on sexual side effects. J. Sex. Med. 9(3), 887–902 (2012)
Fransson, P., Widmark, A.: Does one have a sexual life 15 years after external beam radiotherapy for prostate cancer? prospective patient-reported outcome of sexual function comparison with age-matched controls. Urol. Oncol. 29(2), 137–144 (2011)
Wortel, R.C., Ghidey Alemayehu, W., Incrocci, L.: Orchiectomy and radiotherapy for stage I–II testicular seminoma: a prospective evaluation of short-term effects on body image and sexual function. J. Sex. Med. 12(1), 210–218 (2015)
Traa, M.J., De Vries, J., Roukema, J.A., Den Oudsten, B.L.: The preoperative sexual functioning and quality of sexual life in colorectal cancer: a study among patients and their partners. J. Sex. Med. 9(12), 3247–3254 (2012)
Liu, Y., Lu, X.M., Niu, Y.F., Tao, K.X., Wang, G.B.: Application of laparoscopic transanal coloanal anastomosis in sphincter-preserving surgery for low rectal cancer. Zhonghua Wei Chang Wai Ke Za Zhi 16(8), 727–729 (2013)
Jordan, T.B., Ernst, R., Hatzichristodoulou, G., et al.: Sexuality of couples 5 years after radical prostatectomy: sexuality of patients and their partners 1 year postoperatively in sexually active couples. Urol. Ausg. 54(10), 1407–1413 (2015)
Buchholz, S., Mögele, M., Lintermans, A., et al.: Vaginal estriol-lactobacilli combination and quality of life in endocrine-treated breast cancer. Climacteric 18(2), 252–259 (2015)
Fang, S.Y., Lin, Y.C., Chen, T.C., Lin, C.Y.: Impact of marital coping on the relationship between body image and sexuality among breast cancer survivors. Support. Care Cancer 23(9), 2551–2559 (2015)
Yiou, R., Ebrahiminia, V., Mouracade, P., Lingombet, O., Abbou, C.: Sexual quality of life in women partnered with men using intracavernous alprostadil injections after radical prostatectomy. J. Sex. Med. 10(5), 1355–1362 (2013)
Nasiri, A., Taleghani, F., Irajpour, A.: Men’s sexual issues after breast cancer in their wives: a qualitative study. Cancer Nurs. 35(3), 236–244 (2012)
Jassim, G.A., Whitford, D.L.: Understanding the experiences and quality of life issues of Bahraini women with breast cancer. Soc. Sci. Med. 107, 189–195 (2014)
Jervaeus, A., Nilsson, J., Eriksson, L.E., Lampic, C., Widmark, C., Wettergren, L.: Exploring childhood cancer survivors’ views about sex and sexual experiences-findings from online focus group discussions. Eur. J. Oncol. Nurs. 20, 165–172 (2016)
Sbitti, Y., Kadiri, H., Essaidi, I., et al.: Breast cancer treatment and sexual dysfunction: Moroccan women’s perception. BMC Womens Health 11, 29 (2011)
Vieira, E.M., Santos, D.B., Santos, M.A., Giami, A.: Experience of sexuality after breast cancer: a qualitative study with women in rehabilitation. Rev. Lat. Am. Enferm. 22(3), 408–414 (2014)
Heidari, H., Mardani-Hamooleh, M.: Cancer patients’ informational needs: qualitative content analysis. J. Cancer Educ. 31(4), 715–720 (2016)
Acknowledgements
The researchers are thankful to all of the participants who participated in present study. Without their help and collaboration, this research could not have been performed.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Mardani-Hamooleh, M., Heidari, H. Perception of Iranian Patients with Cancer Regarding Sexual Health: A Content Analysis Study. Sex Disabil 35, 119–129 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11195-016-9467-3
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11195-016-9467-3