Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Entrepreneurial spawning and knowledge-based perspective: a meta-analysis

  • Published:
Small Business Economics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Entrepreneurial spawning is the transitory process by which employees of an existing firm leave their employment to initiate a new business venture. There is a lack of consensus regarding the predictors of entrepreneurial spawning. We used meta-analysis to analyze 28 studies (with 128 effect sizes) to examine the predictors of entrepreneurial spawning. Based on knowledge-based perspective, we hypothesize that employee characteristics (age, education, and job position) and parent firm characteristics (firm age, firm performance, and firm diversity) are significantly related to entrepreneurial spawning. We identified two inverted U-shaped relationships (age and tenure with entrepreneurial spawning) based on our meta-analytic hierarchical multiple regression analyses. Based on labor market rigidity perspectives, we also examined how country region (North America versus Europe) moderates the relationships between employee characteristics and entrepreneurial spawning and between parent firm characteristics and entrepreneurial spawning. Our paper provides theoretical and practical implications.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. (1) School to venture, (2) job to venture, (3) unemployment to venture, (4) home to venture, and (5) venture to venture

  2. In the snowball approach, we reviewed the reference list of selected critical articles as well as the papers or books that cited selected critical articles in order to identify additional studies.

  3. We exclude those who are founders of their ventures and leave their current companies and create the other venture (i.e., subsequent entrepreneurs).

  4. Some studies included in our meta-analysis were unpublished, and one may worry whether these studies will influence our meta-analytic results. We argue they should not exert any noticeable effect on our results. First, we only extracted very basic statistic information from the paper (e.g., sample size and correlation coefficients) and they were unlikely to be incorrect regardless of whether they are published or not. Second, these unpublished studies were available on either Social Science Research Network (SSRN) or authors’ personal research websites and readers can easily download and go through these papers to replicate our coding and results. We also argue that including these unpublished studies may help our meta-analytic review to minimize the threats of publication bias (Kepes et al. 2012, 2013). We thank an anonymous reviewer who requested us to address this issue.

  5. We thank an anonymous reviewer for requesting us to perform a vote-counting analysis.

  6. We appreciate an anonymous reviewer to recommend us to discuss the issue of measurement heterogeneity.

References

Studies included in the meta-analysis are marked with an asterisk (*).

  • Acs, Z. J., & Armington, C. (2006). Entrepreneurship, geography, and American economic growth. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511510816.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Acs, Z. J., & Plummer, L. A. (2005). Penetrating the “knowledge filter” in regional economies. The Annals of Regional Science, 39(3), 439–456. doi:10.1007/s00168-005-0245-x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Acs, Z. J., & Szerb, L. (2007). Entrepreneurship, economic growth and public policy. Small Business Economics, 28(2–3), 109–122. doi:10.1007/s11187-006-9012-3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Acs, Z. J., Audretsch, D. B., Braunerhjelm, P., & Carlsson, B. (2004). The missing link: the knowledge filter and entrepreneurship in endogenous growth. Discussion Paper no. 4783. London, UK: Center for Economic Policy Research. DOI: 10.1007/s11187-009-9235-1

  • Acs, Z. J., Braunerhjelm, P., Audretsch, D. B., & Carlsson, B. (2009). The knowledge spillover theory of entrepreneurship. Small Business Economics, 32(1), 15–30. doi:10.1007/s11187-008-9157-3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Acs, Z. J., Audretsch, D. D., & Lehmann, E. E. (2013). The knowledge spillover theory of entrepreneurship. Small Business Economics, 41(4), 757–774. doi:10.1007/s11187-013-9505-9.

  • Agarwal, R., & Braguinsky, S. (2014). Industry evolution and entrepreneurship: Steven Klepper’s contributions to industrial organization, strategy, technological change, and entrepreneurship. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal. Forthcoming. doi:10.1002/sej.1179.

    Google Scholar 

  • *Agarwal, R., Echambadi, R., Franco, A. M., & Sarkar, M. B. (2002). Knowledge transfer through congential learning: spin-out generation, growth and survival. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. DOI: 10.1.1.201.9619

  • *Agarwal, R., Echambadi, R., Franco, A. M., & Sarkar, M. B. (2004). Knowledge transfer through inheritance: spin-out generation, development, and survival. Academy of Management Journal, 47(4), 501–522. doi:10.2307/20159599.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Agarwal, R., Audretsch, D., & Sarkar, M. B. (2007). The process of creative construction: knowledge spillovers, entrepreneurship, and economic growth. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 1(3/4), 263–286. doi:10.1002/sej.36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • *Agarwal, R., Campbell, B., Franco, A., & Ganco, M. (2011). What do I take with me: the impact of transfer and replication of resources on parent and spin-out firm performance. US Census Bureau Center for Economic Studies Paper No. CES-WP-11-06. DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.1762561

  • Andersson, M., Baltzopoulos, A., & Lööf, H. (2012). R&D strategies and entrepreneurial spawning. Research Policy, 41(1), 54–68. doi:10.1016/j.respol.2011.08.005.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Åstebro, T., & Thompson, P. (2011). Entrepreneurs, jacks of all trades or hobos? Research Policy, 40(5), 637–649. doi:10.2139/ssrn.925221.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Audretsch, D. B., & Fritsch, M. (1994). The geography of firm births in Germany. Regional Studies, 28(4), 359–365. doi:10.1080/00343409412331348326.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Audretsch, D. B., & Keilbach, M. (2007). The theory of knowledge spillover entrepreneurship. Journal of Management Studies, 44(7), 1242–1254. doi:10.1007/s11187-008-9157-3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Audretsch, D. B., & Lehmann, E. E. (2005). Does the knowledge spillover theory of entrepreneurship hold for regions? Research Policy, 34(8), 1191–1202. doi:10.1007/s11187-013-9505-9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Audretsch, D. B., & Lehmann, E. (2006). Entrepreneurial access and absorption of knowledge spillovers: strategic board and managerial composition for competitive advantage. Journal of Small Business Management, 44(2), 155–166. doi:10.1111/j.1540-627X.2006.00161.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • *Avnimelech, G., & Feldman, M. (2010). The regional context of corporate spawning. Manuscript submitted for publication.

  • Banks, G. C., Kepes, S., & McDaniel, M. A. (2012). Publication bias: a call for improved meta-analytic practice in the organizational sciences. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 20, 182–196. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2389.2012.00591.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • *Bazzazian, N. (2012). The effect of employer prominence on employee entrepreneurship. In Academy of Management Proceedings, 2012. doi:10.5465/AMBPP.2012.224.

  • Beaudry, C., & Schiffauerova, A. (2009). Who’s right, Marshall or Jacobs? The localization versus urbanization debate. Research Policy, 38(2), 318–337. doi:10.1016/j.respol.2008.11.010.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Becker, G. S. (1964). Human capital. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. doi:10.1086/260166.

    Google Scholar 

  • *Berchicci, L., King, A., & Tucci, C. L. (2011). Does the apple always fall close to the tree? The geographical proximity choice of spin-outs. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 5(2), 120–136. doi:10.1002/sej.110.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bird, B. (1988). Implementing entrepreneurial ideas: the case for intention. Academy of Management Review, 13(3), 442–453. doi:10.5465/AMR.1988.4306970.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blien, U., Suedekum, J., & Wolf, K. (2006). Local employment growth in West Germany: a dynamic panel approach. Labour Economics, 13(4), 445–458. doi:10.1016/j.labeco.2006.02.004.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Borenstein, M., Hedges, L. V., Higgins, J. P. T., & Rothstein, H. R. (2009). Introduction to meta-analysis. Chichester: Wiley. doi:10.1002/9780470743386.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Braun, E., & MacDonald, S. (1978). Revolution in miniature. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08109028408628962.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bushman, B. J., & Wang, M. C. (2009). Vote counting methods in meta-analysis. In H. M. Cooper & L. V. Hedges (Eds.), Handbook of research synthesis (2nd ed., pp. 193–214). New York, NY: Sage. doi:10.1136/bmj.309.6952.488a.

    Google Scholar 

  • Calvo, G. A., & Wellisz, S. (1980). Technology, entrepreneurs, and firm size. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 663–677. doi:10.2307/1885486.

  • *Campbell, B. A., Ganco, M., Franco, A. M., & Agarwal, R. (2012). Who leaves, where to, and why worry? Employee mobility, entrepreneurship and effects on source firm performance. Strategic Management Journal, 33(1), 65–87. doi:10.1002/smj.943.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carnahan, S., Agarwal, R., & Campbell, B. (2010). The effect of firm compensation structures on the mobility and entrepreneurship of extreme performers. In Atlanta Competitive Advantage Conference. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1555659

  • *Carnahan, S., Agarwal, R., & Campbell, B. A. (2012). Heterogeneity in turnover: the effect of relative compensation dispersion of firms on the mobility and entrepreneurship of extreme performers. Strategic Management Journal, 33(12), 1411–1430. doi:10.1002/smj.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carroll, G. R., & Mosakowski, E. (1980). The career dynamics of self-employment. Administrative Science Quarterly, 32(4), 570–589. doi:10.2307/2392884.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carter, N. M., Gartner, W. B., Shaver, K. G., & Gatewood, E. J. (2003). The career reasons of nascent entrepreneurs. Journal of Business Venturing, 18(1), 13–39. doi:10.1016/S0883-9026(02)00078-2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cate, R. A., & John, O. P. (2007). Testing models of the structure and development of future time perspective: maintaining a focus on opportunities in middle age. Psychology and Aging, 22(1), 186–201. doi:10.1037/0882-7974.22.1.186.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • *Chatterji, A. K., de Figueiredo, R. J. Jr, & Rawley, E. (2013). Learning on the job? Entrepreneurial spawning in the asset management industry. DOI: 10.5465/AMBPP.2014.258.

  • Chen, J. (2013). Firm characteristics and employee entrepreneurs’ choice of cofounders and early employees. Working Paper, Stanford University.

  • Christensen, C. (1993). The rigid disk drive industry: a history of commercial and technological turbulence. Business History Review, 67, 531–588. doi:10.2307/3116804.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coff, R. W. (1997). Human assets and management dilemmas: coping with hazards on the road to resource-based theory. Academy of Management Review, 22(2), 374–402. doi:10.5465/AMR.1997.9707154063.

    Google Scholar 

  • Colquitt, J. A., Scott, B. A., & LePine, J. A. (2007). Trust, trustworthiness, and trust propensity: a meta-analytic test of their unique relationships with risk taking and job performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 909–927. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.92.4.909.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Combs, J. G., Ketchen, D. J., Crook, T. R., & Roth, P. L. (2011). Assessing cumulative evidence within ‘macro’ research: why meta-analysis should be preferred over vote counting. Journal of Management Studies, 48(1), 178–197. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6486.2009.00899.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, A. C. (1985). The role of incubator organizations in the founding of growth-oriented firms. Journal of Business Venturing, 1(1), 75–86. doi:10.1016/0883-9026(85)90008-4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, A. C., Gimeno-Gascon, J., & Woo, C. (1994). Initial human and financial capital as predictors of new venture performance. Journal of Business Venturing, 9, 371–395. doi:10.1016/0883-9026(94)90013-2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • *Dahl, M. S., & Reichstein, T. (2006). Heritage and survival of spin-offs: quality of parents and parent-tenure of founders. In Academy of Management Conference.

  • Davidsson, P., & Honig, B. (2003). The role of social and human capital among nascent entrepreneurs. Journal of Business Venturing, 18(3), 301–331. doi:10.1016/S0883-9026(02)00097-6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DeFillippi, R. J., & Arthur, M. B. (1996). Boundaryless contexts and careers: a competency-based perspective. The Boundaryless Career, 116–131. doi:10.1002/job.4030150403.

  • Delmar, F., & Davidsson, P. (2000). Where do they come from? Prevalence and characteristics of nascent entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 12(1), 1–23. doi:10.1080/089856200283063.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dobrev, S. D., & Barnett, W. P. (2005). Organizational roles and transition to entrepreneurship. Academy of Management Journal, 48(3), 433–449. doi:10.5465/AMJ.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dyke, L., Fischer, E., & Reuber, R. (1992). An inter-industry examination of the impact of experience on entrepreneurial performance. Journal of Small Business Management, 30, 72–87.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elfenbein, D. W., Hamilton, B. H., & Zenger, T. R. (2010). The small firm effect and the entrepreneurial spawning of scientists and engineers. Management Science, 56(4), 659–681. doi:10.1287/mnsc.1090.1130.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Evans, D. S., & Leighton, L. S. (1989). Some empirical aspects of entrepreneurship. The American Economic Review, 519–535. doi:10.1007/978-94-015-7854-7_6.

  • Folta, T. B., Delmar, F., & Wennberg, K. (2010). Hybrid entrepreneurship. Management Science, 56(2), 253–269. doi:10.1287/mnsc.1090.1094.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Franco, A. (2005). Employee entrepreneurship: recent research and future directions. In Handbook of Entrepreneurship Research (pp. 81–96). Springer US. DOI: 10.1007/0-387-23622-8_5.

  • *Frederiksen, L., & Wennberg, K. (2011). Mobility and entrepreneurship: how career history influences entrepreneurial entry and survival. DRUID 2011on Innovation, Strategy, and Structure-Organizations, Institutions, Systems and Regions at Copenhagen Business School, Denmark. DOI: 10.1111/etap.12223

  • Frese, M., Bausch, A., Schmidt, P., Strauch, A., & Kabst, R. (2012). Evidence-based entrepreneurship: cumulative science, action principles, and bridging the gap between science and practice. Foundations and Trends in Entrepreneurship, 8(1), 1–62. doi:10.1561/0300000044.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Friedman, R. A., & Podolny, J. (1992). Differentiation of boundary spanning roles: labor negotiations and implications for role conflict. Administrative Science Quarterly, 28–47. doi:10.2307/2393532.

  • *Gacheru, E. M. (2007). Employee transition to entrepreneurship: the influences of families and firms. Retrieved from http://www.iese.edu/en/files/Mungai,%20Edward%20PhD%20thesis_tcm4-29496.pdf

  • *Ganco, M. (2010). The effect of technological complexity on innovation performance, employee entrepreneurship and mobility: Three essays. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Retrieved from http://www.ideals.illinois.edu/handle/2142/16026

  • Garvin, D. A. (1983). Spin-offs and the new firm formation process. California Management Review, 25, 3–20. doi:10.2307/41165001.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ghio, N., Guerini, M., Lehmann, E. E., & Rossi-Lamastra, C. (2015). The emergence of the knowledge spillover theory of entrepreneurship. Small Business Economics, 44, 1–18. doi:10.1007/s11187-014-9588-y.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gielnik, M. M., Zacher, H., & Frese, M. (2012). Focus on opportunities as a mediator of the relationship between business owners’ age and venture growth. Journal of Business Venturing, 27(1), 127–142. doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2010.05.002.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gompers, P., Lerner, J., & Scharfstein, D. (2005). Entrepreneurial spawning: public corporations and the genesis of new ventures, 1986 to 1999. The Journal of Finance, 60(2), 577–614. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6261.2005.00740.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gort, M., & Klepper, S. (1982). Time paths in the diffusion of product innovations. The Economic Journal, 92(367), 630–653.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grant, R. M. (1996). Toward a knowledge-based theory of the firm. Strategic Management Journal, 17(S2), 109–122. doi:10.1002/smj.4250171110.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grichnik, D., Brinckmann, J., Singh, L., & Manigart, S. (2014). Beyond environmental scarcity: human and social capital as driving forces of bootstrapping activities. Journal of Business Venturing, 29, 310–326. doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2013.02.006.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Griffeth, R. W., Hom, P. W., & Gaertner, S. (2000). A meta-analysis of antecedents and correlates of employee turnover: update, moderator tests, and research implications for the next millennium. Journal of Management, 26(3), 463–488. doi:10.1177/014920630002600305.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Habib, M. A., Hege, U., & Mella-Barral, P. (2013). Entrepreneurial spawning and firm characteristics. Management Science, 59(12), 2790–2804. doi:10.1287/mnsc.2013.1739.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hayter, C. S. (2013). Conceptualizing knowledge-based entrepreneurship networks: perspectives from the literature. Small Business Economics, 41(4), 899–911. doi:10.1007/s11187-013-9512-x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hedges, L. V., & Olkin, I. (1985). Statistical methods for meta-analysis. Orlando, FL: Academic Press. doi:10.2307/1164953.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henderson, R. M. (1993). Underinvestment and incompetence as responses to radical innovation: evidence from the photolithographic industry. Journal of Economics, 24(2), 248–270. doi:10.2307/2555761.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hornsby, J. S., Kuratko, D. F., Shepherd, D. A., & Bott, J. P. (2009). Managers’ corporate entrepreneurial actions: examining perception and position. Journal of Business Venturing, 24(3), 236–247. doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2008.03.002.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • *Hunt, R. A. (2013). Essays concerning the entry and survival strategies of entrepreneurial firms: a transaction perspective. University of Colorado at Boulder.

  • *Hunt, R. A., & Lerner, D. A. (2012). Reassessing the entrepreneurial spinoff performance advantage: a natural experiment involving a complete population. Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, 32(12), 2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hunter, J. E., & Schmidt, F. L. (1990). Methods of meta-analysis: correcting error and bias in research findings. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage. doi:10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2006.06.002.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hunter, J. E., & Schmidt, F. L. (2004). Methods of meta-analysis: correcting error and bias in research findings. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. doi:10.1177/1094428106295494.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Hyytinen, A., & Maliranta, M. (2008). When do employees leave their job for entrepreneurship? The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 110(1), 1–21. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9442.2008.00522.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jovanovic, B. (1979). Job marching and the theory of turnover. Journal of Political Economy, 87, 972–990. doi:10.1086/260808.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • *Kacperczyk, A. J. (2013). Social influence and entrepreneurship: the effect of university peers on entrepreneurial entry. Organization Science, 24(3), 664–683. doi:10.2139/ssrn.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kepes, S., Banks, G. C., McDaniel, M., & Whetzel, D. L. (2012). Publication bias in the organizational sciences. Organizational Research Methods, 15, 624–662. doi:10.1177/1094428112452760.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kepes, S., McDaniel, M. A., Brannick, M. T., & Banks, G. C. (2013). Meta-analytic reviews in the organizational sciences: two meta-analytic schools on the way to MARS (the meta-analytic reporting standards). Journal of Business and Psychology, 28(2), 123–143. doi:10.1007/s10869-013-9300-2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kihlstrom, R. E., & Laffont, J.-J. (1979). A general equilibrium entrepreneurial theory of firm formation based on risk aversion. The Journal of Political Economy, 719–748. doi:10.1086/260790.

  • Klepper, S. (2002). The capabilities of new firms and the evolution of the US automobile industry. Industrial and Corporate Change, 11(4), 645–666. doi:10.1093/icc/11.4.645.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klepper, S., & Sleeper, S. (2005). Entry by spinoffs. Management Science, 51(8), 1291–1306. doi:10.1287/mnsc.1050.0411.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klepper, S., & Thompson, P. (2006). Intra-industry spinoffs. Working Paper, Department of Economics, Florida International University, Miami, FL.

  • Kogut, B., & Zander, U. (1996). What firms do? Coordination, identity, and learning. Organization Science, 7(5), 502–518. doi:10.1287/orsc.7.5.502.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kuratko, D. F., Ireland, R. D., & Hornsby, J. S. (2001). Improving firm performance through entrepreneurial actions: Acordia’s corporate entrepreneurship strategy. The Academy of Management Executive, 15(4), 60–71. doi:10.5465/AME.2001.5897658.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lazear, E. P. (2004). Balanced skills and entrepreneurship. American Economic Review, 94(2), 208–211. doi:10.1257/0002828041301425.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lazear, E. P. (2005). Entrepreneurship. Journal of Labor Economics, 23(4), 649–680. doi:10.1142/S0217590812500075.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levesque, M., & Minniti, M. (2006). The effect of aging on entrepreneurial behavior. Journal of Business Venturing, 21(2), 177–194. doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2005.04.003.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • *Lindenmann, S. (2011). Employee entrepreneurship: when do inventors found a spin off? Doctoral thesis. http://dx.doi.org/10.14279/depositonce-2955

  • Lippman, S. A., & Rumelt, R. P. (1982). Uncertain imitability: an analysis of interfirm differences in efficiency under competition. Bell Journal of Economics, 13(2), 418–438. doi:10.2307/3003464.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lipsey, M. W., & Wilson, D. B. (2001). Practical meta-analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • *Lougui, M., & Broström, A. (2014). Spin-out activities in the wage mergers and acquisitions? An investigation into causes and contingencies. Paper to be presented at the DRUID Academy conference in Rebild, Aalborg, Denmark on January15–17, 2014.

  • MacMillan, I. C., Siegel, R., & Narishma, P. N. (1985). Criteria used by venture capitalists to evaluate new venture proposals. Journal of Business Venturing, 1, 119–128. doi:10.1016/0883-9026(85)90011-4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • *Mai, Y., & Zheng, Y. (2013). How on-the-job embeddedness influences new venture creation and growth. Journal of Small Business Management, 51(4), 508–524. doi:10.1111/jsbm.12000.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martinez, M. A., Yang, T., & Aldrich, H. E. (2011). Entrepreneurship as an evolutionary process: research progress and challenges. Entrepreneurship Research Journal, 1. doi:10.2202/2157-5665.1009.

  • *Marx, M., & Kacperczyk, A. O. (2014). Revisiting the small-firm effect on entrepreneurship: evidence from firm dissolutions. Working paper.

  • Mawdsley, J. K., & Somaya, D. (2015). Employee mobility and organizational outcomes an integrative conceptual framework and research agenda. Journal of Management, 0149206315616459. DOI: 10.1177/0149206315616459

  • Mayer-Haug, K., Read, S., Brinckmann, J., Dew, N., & Grichnik, D. (2013). Entrepreneurial talent and venture performance: a meta-analytic investigation of SMEs. Research Policy, 42, 1251–1273. doi:10.1016/j.respol.2013.03.001.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McDaniel, M. A., Rothstein, H. R., & Whetzel, D. L. (2006). Publication bias: a case study of four test vendors. Personnel Psychology, 59, 927–953. doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.2006.00059.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • *McKendrick, D. G., Wade, J. B., & Jaffee, J. (2009). A good riddance? Spin-offs and the technological performance of parent firms. Organization Science, 20(6), 979–992. doi:10.1287/orsc.1090.0480.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • *Monsen, E., Mahagaonkar, P., & Dienes, C. (2012). Entrepreneurship in India: the question of occupational transition. Small Business Economics, 39(2), 359–382. doi:10.1007/s11187-011-9316-9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Newbert, S. L. (2007). Empirical research on the resource-based view of the firm: an assessment and suggestions for future research. Strategic Management Journal, 28(2), 121–146. doi:10.1002/smj.573.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nickell, S. (1997). Unemployment and labor market rigidities: Europe versus North America. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 55–74. doi:10.1257/jep.11.3.55.

  • Nonaka, I. (1994). A dynamic theory of organizational knowledge creation. Organization Science, 5(1), 14–37. doi:10.1287/orsc.5.1.14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • *Özcan, S., & Reichstein, T. (2009). Transition to entrepreneurship from the public sector: predispositional and contextual effects. Management Science, 55(4), 604–618. doi:10.1287/mnsc.1080.0954.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parker, S. C. (2007). Which firms do the entrepreneurs come from? Economic Bulletin, 10(10), 1–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parker, S. C. (2009). Why do small firms produce the entrepreneurs? The Journal of Socio-Economics, 38(3), 484–494. doi:10.1016/j.socec.2008.07.013.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parker, S. C., & van Praag, C. M. (2012). The entrepreneur’s mode of entry: business takeover or new venture start? Journal of Business Venturing, 27(1), 31–46. doi:10.2139/ssrn.937260.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Plummer, L. A., & Acs, Z. J. (2014). Localized competition in the knowledge spillover theory of entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Venturing, 29(1), 121–136.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • *Preto, M. T., Baptista, R., & Lima, F. (2009). Switching from paid employment to entrepreneurship: the effect on individuals’ earnings. In Smallbone D., Landström H., & Jones-Evans D. (Eds.), Entrepreneurship and growth in local, regional and national economies (p. 107–125). Frontiers in European Entrepreneurship Research.

  • Rae, D. (2005). Cultural diffusion: a formative process in creative entrepreneurship? The International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 6(3), 185–192 http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/0000000054662764.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rauch, A., & Frese, M. (2006). Meta-analysis as a tool for developing entrepreneurship research and theory. In J. Wiklund, D. Dimov, J. A. Katz, & D. Shepherd (Eds.), Entrepreneurship: frameworks and empirical investigations from forthcoming leaders of European research. Advances in entrepreneurship, firm emergence and growth (pp. 29–51). Amsterdam: Elsevier. doi:10.1016/S1074-7540(06)09003-9.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Rauch, A., Frese, M., & Utsch, A. (2005). Effects of human capital and long-term human resources development and utilization on employment growth of small-scale businesses: a causal analysis. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 29(6), 681–698. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6520.2005.00103.x.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rider, C. I., Thompson, P., Kacperczyk, A., & Tåg, J. (2013). Experience and entrepreneurship. IFN Working Paper No. 970.

  • Robinson, P. B., & Sexton, E. A. (1994). The effect of education and experience on self-employment success. Journal of Business Venturing, 9(2), 141–156. doi:10.1016/0883-9026(94)90006-X.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenthal, R. (1979). The “file drawer problem” and tolerance for null results. Psychological Bulletin, 86, 638–641 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.86.3.638.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenthal, R. (1991). Meta-analytic procedures for social research. Newbury Park: Sage. doi:10.4135/9781412984997.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Sahlman, W. A. (1990). The structure and governance of venture-capital organizations. Journal of Financial Economics, 27(2), 473–521. doi:10.1016/0304-405X(90)90065-8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • *Santella, R. (2013). The impact of core self evaluation on entrepreneurial transition and financing. LUISS Guido Carli. Retrieved from http://eprints.luiss.it/1244/1/20130603-santella.pdf

  • Saxenian, A. (1994). Regional advantage: culture and competition in Silicon Valley and route 128. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shane, S. A. (2003). A general theory of entrepreneurship: the individual-opportunity nexus. Edward Elgar Publishing. DOI: 10.4337/9781781007990

  • Shane, S., & Khurana, R. (2001). Bringing individuals back in: the effects of career experience on new firm founding. Academy of Management Proceedings, F1–7. DOI: 10.1093/icc/12.3.519

  • Sicherman, N., & Galor, O. (1990). A theory of career mobility. Journal of Political Economy, 98(1), 169-192.

  • Siebert, H. (1997). Labor market rigidities: at the root of unemployment in Europe. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 37–54. DOI: 10.1257/jep.11.3

  • Sørensen, J. B. (2007). Bureaucracy and entrepreneurship: workplace effects on entrepreneurial entry. Administrative Science Quarterly, 52, 387–412. doi:10.2189/asqu.52.3.387.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sørensen, J. B., & Sharkey, A. J. (2014). Entrepreneurship as a mobility process. American Sociological Review, 79(2), 328–349. doi:10.1177/0003122414521810.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • *Sorgner, A., & Fritsch, M. (2013). Occupational choice and self-employment: are they related? Jena Economic Research Papers. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2205034

  • Steel, P. D., & Kammeyer-Mueller, J. D. (2002). Comparing meta-analytic moderator estimation techniques under realistic conditions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 96–111 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.87.1.96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stuart, T. E., & Sorenson, O. (2003). Liquidity events and the geographic distribution of entrepreneurial activity. Administrative Science Quarterly, 48(2), 175–201.

  • Sullivan, S. E. (1999). The changing nature of careers: a review and research agenda. Journal of Management, 25(3), 457–484. doi:10.1016/S0149-2063(99)00009-4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • *Tåg, J., Åstebro, T., & Thompson, P. (2013). Hierarchies, the small firm effect, and entrepreneurship: evidence from Swedish microdata. IFN working paper. Retrieved from http://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/81330

  • Unger, J. M., Rauch, A., Frese, M., & Rosenbusch, N. (2011). Human capital and entrepreneurial success: a meta-analytical review. Journal of Business Venturing, 26(3), 341–358. doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2009.09.004.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van der Sluis, J., Van Praag, M., & Vijverberg, W. (2008). Education and entrepreneurship selection and performance: a review of the empirical literature. Journal of Economic Surveys, 22(5), 795–841. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6419.2008.00550.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Stel, A., Storey, D. J., & Thurik, A. R. (2007). The effect of business regulations on nascent and young business entrepreneurship. Small Business Economics, 28(2–3), 171–186. doi:10.1007/s11187-006-9014-1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vesper, K. H. (1980). New venture strategies. Prentice-Hall. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb038903

  • Viswesvaran, C., & Ones, D. S. (1995). Theory testing: combining psychometric meta-analysis and structural equations modeling. Personnel Psychology, 48, 865–885. doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.1995.tb01784.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wagner, J. (2003). Testing Lazear’s jack-of-all-trades view of entrepreneurship with German micro data. Applied Economics Letters, 10(11), 687–689. doi:10.1080/1350485032000133273.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • *Werner, A., & Moog, P. (2009). Why do employees leave their jobs for self-employment?—the impact of entrepreneurial working conditions in small firms. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn

  • Whitener, E. M. (1990). Confusion of confidence intervals and credibility intervals in meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75, 315–321. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.75.3.315.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wood, J. A. (2008). Methodology for dealing with duplicate study effects in a meta-analysis. Organizational Research Methods, 11, 79–95. doi:10.1177/1094428106296638.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zacharakis, A. L., & Meyer, G. D. (2000). The potential of actuarial decision models: can they improve the venture capital investment decision? Journal of Business Venturing, 15(4), 323–346. doi:10.1016/S0883-9026(98)00016-0.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zacher, H., & Frese, M. (2009). Remaining time and opportunities at work: relationships between age, work characteristics, and occupational future time perspective. Psychology and Aging, 24(2), 487. doi:10.1037/a0015425.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zucker, L. G., Darby, M. R., & Armstrong, J. (1998). Geographically localized knowledge: spillovers or markets? Economic Inquiry, 36(1), 65. doi:10.1111/j.1465-7295.1998.tb01696.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Entrepreneurship, College of Business, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA

    Robert P. Garrett Jr

  2. Finance, Accounting and Management Department, Jay S. Sidhu School of Business and Leadership, Wilkes University, Wilkes-Barre, PA, 18766, USA

    Chao Miao

  3. Department of Management, College of Business and Economics, Towson University, Towson, MD, 21252, USA

    Shanshan Qian

  4. Department of Management and Entrepreneurship, Frank G. Zarb School of Business, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, 11549, USA

    Tae Jun Bae

Authors
  1. Robert P. Garrett Jr
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Chao Miao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Shanshan Qian
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Tae Jun Bae
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Shanshan Qian.

Additional information

Order of authorship: Robert P. Garrett, Jr. is first author. Chao Miao, Shanshan Qian, and Tae Jun Bae are second authors and equally contribute to this paper.

Electronic supplementary material

Table A1

(DOCX 103 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Garrett, R.P., Miao, C., Qian, S. et al. Entrepreneurial spawning and knowledge-based perspective: a meta-analysis. Small Bus Econ 49, 355–378 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-017-9842-1

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-017-9842-1

Keywords

Search

Navigation