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Global borderlands: a case study of the Subic Bay Freeport Zone, Philippines

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Abstract

By developing the concept of “global borderlands”—semi-autonomous, foreign-controlled geographic locations geared toward international exchange—this article shifts the focus of globalization literature from elite global cities and cities on national borders to within-country sites owned or operated by foreigners and defined by significant social, cultural, and economic exchange. I analyze three shared features of these sites: semi-autonomy, symbolic and geographic boundaries, and unequal relations. The multi-method analyses reveal how the concept of global borderlands can help us better understand the interactions that occur among people of different nationalities, classes, and races/ethnicities and the complex dynamics that occur within foreign-controlled spaces. I first situate global borderlands within the literatures of global cities and geopolitical borderlands. Next, I use the case study of Subic Bay Freeport Zone (SBFZ), Philippines to show (1) how the semi-autonomy of global borderlands produces different regulations depending on nationality, (2) how its geographic and symbolic borders differentiate this space from the surrounding community, and (3) how the semi-autonomy of these locations and their geographic and symbolic borders reproduce unequal relations. As home of the former US Subic Bay Naval Base and current site of a Freeport Zone, the SBFZ serves as a particularly strategic research location to examine the different forms of interactions that occur between groups within spaces of unequal power.

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Notes

  1. I am aware of the disputes regarding whether it is within-country or between-country inequality that is rising. I use “societies” here to demonstrate that there is an increasing divide between the rich and poor, whether the unit of analysis is within-countries or between-countries.

  2. Special economic zones (SEZ) is a generic term that encapsulates a “geographically delimited area administered by a single body, offering certain incentives (generally duty-free importing and streamlined customs procedures) to businesses which physically locate within the zone (FIAS report, p.10).” This includes free trade zones, export processing zones, enterprise zones, freeports, single factory EPZ, and specialized zones (e.g., science parks), each with functions varying from the processing of imports that are then exported out from the country, to duty free shopping . Because they take different forms, names, and sizes in countries and these types differ by region, there is no overarching international governing body.

  3. Imports often stay confined within these areas; however, locals are also sometimes able to partake in these goods and services in small doses—as is in the case of the SBFZ.

  4. The US military invested $182 billion between 1989 and 1991 (just a few years before the military withdrawal) in buildings, structures, infrastructure, and operational and recreational facilities within the Subic Bay Naval Base; United States. General Accounting Office (1992).

  5. RCI online resort directory, http://www.rci.com/resort-directory/landing, as accessed September 15, 2014. Although this measure is problematic since it is an American-based organization, it allows for some tangible measure of this phenomenon.

  6. See for example: http://www.cnn.com/2013/02/05/world/americas/mexico-tourists-raped/, as accessed September 15, 2014.

  7. This echoes Weber’s definition of power as “the probability that one actor within a social relationship will be in a position to carry out his own will despite resistance” (Weber 1978, p. 53) and the state as an actor who “successful upholds the claim to the monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force in the enforcement of order” (Weber 1978, p. 54).

  8. http://www.inquirer.net/specialreports/subicrapecase/view.php?db=1&article=20061102-30202, as accessed June 7, 2014.

  9. http://www.inquirer.net/specialreports/subicrapecase/view.php?db=1&article=20061121-33922, as accessed June 7, 2014.

  10. http://www.inquirer.net/specialreports/subicrapecase/view.php?db=1&article=20061230-40832, as accessed June 7, 2014.

  11. http://www.inquirer.net/specialreports/subicrapecase/view.php?db=1&article=20090424-201241, as accessed June 7, 2014.

  12. http://www.preda.org/en/newsitems/subic-rape-victim-nicole-recanted-her-earlier-statements-that-lance-corporal-daniel-smith-who-was-convicted-in-2007-raped-her/, as accessed June 7, 2014.

  13. See Zoobic Safari’s “About” page for information related to the use of former ammunition bunkers, http://www.zoobic.com.ph/about .

  14. All names are pseudonyms.

  15. SM trashcans are only available during store hours—every morning workers haul them outside, every night they are brought in.

  16. For a more in-depth examination of the legacies of the US military on the SBFZ’s socio-spatial organization, see Reyes (unpublished).

  17. In 2011 South Korea was the fifth largest market for Philippine exports, comprising of 7.66 % (3,701,459,904) of the total share and also the fifth largest supplier of imports consisting of 7.31 % of the total share (4,419,530,490) while in 2009 there were 497,936 Korean visitors to the Philippines (Department of Trade & Industry Philippines. 2011a. “Top 10 Markets of Philippine Merchandise Exports,” as accessed July 15, 2013, www.dti.gov.ph/dti/index.php?p=697 Department of Trade & Industry Philippines. 2011b. “Top 10 Suppliers of Philippine Merchandise Imports,”as accessed July 15, 2013, www.dti.gov.ph/dti/index.php?p=697, Department of Tourism Philippines. 2009. “Arrivals by Region,” as accessed July 15, 2013, http://www.visitmyphilippines.com/index.php?title=VisitorStatistics&func=all&pid=39&tbl=1). In 2011, there were 81,395 total Filipinos migrating to Korea (9,127 permanent, 60,268 temporary, 12,000 “irregular”), and 96,632 Koreans in the Philippines, 727 of which were permanent migrants and 29545 were students (Department of Foreign Affairs, South Korea. 2011. “Status of Overseas Koreans,” accessed July 15, 2013, http://www.mofat.go.kr/webmodule/htsboard/template/read/korboardread.jsp?typeID=6&boardid=232&seqno=334627&c=&t=&pagenum=1&tableName=TYPE_DATABOARD&pc=&dc=&wc=&lu=&vu=&iu=&du= (in Korean, translation for webpage and excel sheet by Google Translate), Philippine Overseas Employment Administration. 2009. “Stock Estimates of Filipinos Overseas (Inter-Agency Report),”as accessed July 15, 2013, www.poea.gov.ph/stats/statistics.html).

  18. In 2012 over 1,031,155 South Koreans visitors (24.13 % of all visitors) traveled to the Philippines (Department of Tourism, Philippines. 2012. “Visitor Arrivals to the Philippines Reached Record-High 4.3 Million in 2012,” as accessed July 15, 2013, http://www.visitmyphilippines.com/images/ads/681e231e0a5d37d2e5b7090b7db5d8c1.pdf).

  19. Subic Examiner. 2013. “SBMA, Resom Sign P20-Billion Tourism Project,” as accessed July 15, 2013, http://www.subic-examiner.com/zxcvbnm/index.php/subic-bay-freeport-zone/228-sbma-resom-sign-p20-billion-tourism-project; Subic Examiner. 2012. “SBMA Signs MOU with Korea’s Silicon Valley,” accessed July 15, 2013, http://www.subic-examiner.com/zxcvbnm/index.php/subic-bay-freeport-zone/75-sbma-signs-mou-with-korea-s-silicon-valley .

  20. Torres, Estrella. 2012. “DOLE, SBMA Sign Deal to Protect Subic Freeport Workers” BusinessMirror, accessed July 15, 2013, http://www.businessmirror.com.ph/index.php/en/news/regions/6603-dole-sbma-sign-deal-to-protect-subic-freeport-workers .

  21. Pseudonyms are given to all interviewees.

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Acknowledgments

I would like to thank Miguel Centeno, Viviana Zelizer, and Doug Massey for their guidance during this project. I would also like to thank Kerstin Gentsch, Joanne Wang Golann, and Erin Johnston for comments on earlier versions of this article as well as Sally Engle Merry and Annie Bunting for their feedback during the Law and Society Association’s 2013 Graduate Student Workshop, and Saskia Sassen for her comments at the 2014 Junior Theorist Symposium. Additionally, Amy A. Quark provided valuable advice at a PEWS mentoring activity at the 2014 ASA. The Editors and reviewers at Theory and Society also provided invaluable feedback. The research and writing for this article were supported by generous funds from Princeton University’s Department of Sociology, East Asian Studies Program, Center for Migration and Development, the Princeton Institute for International and Regional Studies, as well as the American Sociological Association’s Minority Fellowship Program.

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  1. Bryn Mawr College, Thomas Hall 238, 101 N. Merion Ave, Bryn Mawr, PA, 19010, USA

    Victoria Reyes

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  1. Victoria Reyes
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Correspondence to Victoria Reyes.

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Reyes, V. Global borderlands: a case study of the Subic Bay Freeport Zone, Philippines. Theor Soc 44, 355–384 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11186-015-9254-7

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