The paper describes a model of electron-beam cladding taking into account the gradual growth and shrinkage of the powder layer. The effective properties of the grown layer depend on the porosity and temperature. The calculation algorithm is based on an implicit difference scheme. The surfacing process turns out to be generally non-stationary, which necessitates a more detailed study of the interaction of different phenomena at different stages. The dynamics of the process, the surface layer relief, the porosity and the temperature are shown to depend on such parameters as the electron beam velocity along the surface and the scanning step. Some examples of calculations illustrating the model capabilities are given.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
T. Lee, W. Jeong, S. H. Chung, K. P. So, and H. J. Ryu, Appl. Surf. Sci., 615, 156364 (2023).
M. A. Obeidi, Results in Eng., 15, 100473 (2022).
A. Mussatto, Results in Eng., 16, 100769 (2022).
Yu. Meng, J. Li, Sh. Zhang, M. Gao, M. Gong, and H. Chen, J. Alloys Compd., 943, 169152 (2023).
E. A. Kolubaev, V. E. Rubtsov, A. V. Chumaevskii, and E. G. Astafurova, Zh. Fizich. Mezomekh., 25, No. 4, 5 (2022).
L. E. Murr, Addit. Manuf., 5, 40 (2015).
M. Armstrong, H. Mehrabi, and N. Naveed, J. Manuf. Process., 84, 1001 (2022).
J. Zhang, B. Songa, Q. Wei, D. Bourell, and Y. Shi, J. Mat. Sci. and Tech., 35, No 2, 270 (2019).
J. Lu and L. Zhuo, Int. J. Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, 111, 106110 (2023).
Hasan S. Fiaz, Casey R. Settle, and Kazunori Hoshino, Sensors and Actuators A, 249, 284 (2016).
I. Shishkovsky, N. Kakovkina, and F. Missemer, IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng., 140, 012016 (2016).
M. A. Mahmood, F. Gh. Alabtah, Y. Al-Hamidi, and M. Khraisheh, Materials and Design, 226, 111658 (2023).
Y. Lakhdar, C. Tuck, J. Binner, A. Terry, R. Goodridge, Progress in Mater. Sci., 116, 100736 (2021).
W. Han, L. Kong, and M. Xu, Int. J. Extreme Manuf., 4, 042002 (2022).
J. Sun, D. Ye, Ji Zou, X. Chen, Y. Wang, J. Yuan, H. Liang, H. Qu, J. Binner, and J. Bai, J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 138, 1 (2023).
C. Han, R. Babicheva, J. D. Q. Chua, U. Ramamurty, Shu B. Tor, Chen-Nan Sun, and K. Zhou, Addit. Manuf., 36, 101466 (2020).
O. F. Ochonogor, C. Meacock, M. Abdulwahab et al., Appl. Surf. Sci., 263, 591 (2012).
M. J. Hamedy, M. J. Sabbaghzadeh, and J. Torkamany, Optics and Lasers in Eng., 49, 557 (2011).
M. Krinitcyn, G. Pribytkov, V. Korzhova, and I. Firsina, Surf. Coat. Technol., 358, 706 (2019).
B. Cheng and K. Chou, in: Proc. 26th Annual International Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium – An Additive Manufacturing Conference, 1182–1194 (2015).
B. Cheng and K. Chou, in: Proc. 24th Annual International Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium – An Additive Manufacturing Conference, 644–654 (2013).
J. Xu, P. Kontis, Ru Lin Peng, and J. Moverare, Acta Materialia, 240, 118307 (2022).
E. Li, Z. Zhou, L. Wang, H. Shen, R. Zou, and A. Yu, Powder Technology, 397, 117012 (2022).
J. Romano, L. Ladani, J. Razmi, M. Sadowski, Addit. Manuf., 8, 1–11 (2015).
N. Shen, K. Chou, in: Proc. 23rd Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium, 774–784 (2012).
S. Sahoo and K. Chou, Addit. Manuf., 9, 14 (2016).
Z. Wang, M. Liu, Zh. Luo, and Zh. Yan, Powder Technology, 415, 118118 (2023).
N. P Lavery, S. G. R. Brown, J. Sienz, J. Cherry, and F. Belblidia, in: Sustainable Design and Manufacturing, SDM-14 Pre-Proceedings, 651–673 (2014),
M. A. Anisimova, A. G. Knyazeva, M. G. Krinitcin, V.V. Fedorov, and I. L. Pobol, High Temp. Mater. Process., 23, No. 1, 1 (2019).
A. G. Knyazeva, J. Appl. Mech. and Tech. Phys., 62, No. 6, 1001 (2021).
O. N. Kryukova and A.G. Knyazeva, Bulletin of Perm National Research Polytechnic University. Mechanics [in Russian], 13, 123 (2005).
O. N. Kryukova and A. G. Knyazeva, J. Appl. Mech. and Tech. Phys., 48, 109 (2007).
A. Knyazeva. Journal of Physics: Conf. Series, 754, 042009 (2016).
G. Tichá, W. Pabst, and D. S. Smith, J. Mater. Sci., 40, No. 18, 5045 (2005).
A. G. Knyazeva and Yu. P. Sharkeev, AIP Conf. Proceed., 1893, 030105 (2017).
A. Mostafaei, C. Zhao, Y. He, S. Reza Gh., B. Shi, Sh. Shao, N. Shamsaei, Z. Wu, N. Kouraytem, T. Sun, J. Pauza, J. V. Gordon, B. Webler, N. D. Parab, M. Asherloo, Q. Guo, L. Chen k, A. D. Rollett, Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci., 26, 100974 (2022).
F. Liu, H. Xie, and W. He, J. Mater. Res. Technol., 22, 2819–2843 (2023).
G. Miao, W. Du, Zh. Pei, and Ch. Ma, Addit. Manuf., 58, 103029 (2022).
L. C. Capozzi, A. Sivo, and E. Bassini, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 308, 117706 (2022).
M. D. A. Valentine, V. Dhokia, J. Flynn, S. A. M. McNair, and A. J. G. Lunt, Mater. Today Commun., 35, 105900 (2023).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Kryukova, O.N., Knyazeva, A.G. Thermokinetic Model of a Layer Growth on a Substrate During Electron-Beam Cladding. Russ Phys J 66, 66–73 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11182-023-02906-3
Received:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11182-023-02906-3