Hard Copper Wetting with Liquid Indium in Ultrahigh Vacuum and Gaseous Medium and Interfacial Energy Calculation at Different Temperature

The paper presents the interfacial energy calculation at different temperatures for hard copper and liquid indium based on the experimental data on their contact angles and surface energies. Investigations of the interface properties require the creation of new materials capable of operating in extreme conditions. For these and other purposes, the up-to-date engineering and technology employ high-vacuum welding of high-temperature metal products using low-temperature metals and alloys. The important role in such processes belongs to the interfacial energy between a solid and melt, which determines the contact angle, i.e., the lower the interfacial energy, the lower the contact angle, and the welding and liquid-phase sintering processes occur in a better way. Unfortunately, there is no direct method of measuring the interfacial energy so far. Therefore, the calculation of the interfacial energy is a relevant problem of today.