Skip to main content
Log in

Structure of the receptor layer in electrochemical immunosensors. Modern trends and prospects of development

  • Reviews
  • Published:
Russian Chemical Bulletin Aims and scope

Abstract

Literature data on the modern state and prospects for the development of research in the area of receptor layer immobilization in electrochemical immunosensors were examined and systematized. The first section of the review is devoted to structural features and functions of biological immunoreceptors, viz., antibodies or their fragments. The main methods of antibody immobilization on the working electrode surface are considered in detail in the second section. The prospects for the development of electrochemical immunosensors are discussed in the third section of the review.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. P. Adumeau, S. K. Sharma, C. Brent, B. M. Zeglis, Mol. Imaging Biol., 2016, 18,1.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. J. S. Park, J. Y. Cho, S. S. Kim, H. J. Bae, J. W. Han, H. W. Lee, S. Y. Hong, Arch. Pharm. Res., 2006, 29,384.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Y. Niu, A. I. Matos, L. M. Abrantes, A. S. Viana, G. Jin, Langmuir, 2012, 28, 17718.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. A. K. Trilling, J. Beekwilder, H. Zuilhof, Analyst, 2013, 138, 1619.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. A. K. Trilling, T. Hesselink, A. van Houwelingen, J. H. G. Cordewener, M. A. Jongsma, S. Schoffelen, J. Beekwilder, Biosens. Bioelectron., 2014, 60,130.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. C. Karunakaran, K. Bhargava, R. Benjamin, Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2015,344.

    Google Scholar 

  7. G. F. Duffy, E. J. Moore, Anal. Lett., 2017, 50,1.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. V. V. Shumyantseva, T. V. Bulko, E. V. Suprun, A. V. Kuzikov, L. E. Agafonova, A. I. Archakov, Biochem. (Moscow) Suppl. Ser. B: Biomed. Chem., 2015, 61,228.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. C. Wang, B. Feng, Mol. Biol., 2015, 49,1.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. S. K. Vashist, E. Lam, S. Hrapovic, K. B. Male, J. H. T. Luong, Chem. Rev., 2014, 114, 11083.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Y.-H. Dou, S. J. Haswell, J. Greenman, J. Wadhawan, Electroanalysis, 2012, 24,264.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Biosensors. Fundamentals and Applications, Eds A. P. F. Turner, I. Karube, G. S. Wilson, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1987.

  13. G. Evtugyn, Biosensors: Essentials, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 2014.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  14. S. Emaminejad, M. Javanmard, C. Gupta, S. Chang, R. W. Davis, R. T. Howe, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, 2015, 112, 2014.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. B. Balakrishnan, S. Barizuddin, T. Wuliji, M. El-Dweik, Int. J. Food Microbiol., 2016, 231,54.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. M. C. Chifiriuc, A. M. Grumezescu, Nanobiomat. Med. Imag., 2016, 8,279.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. A. Makaraviciute, A. Ramanaviciene, Biosens. Bioelectron., 2013, 50,460.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. C. Qiumei, B. Hongmei, Y. Zhaoxia, J. Liu, F. Xi, Anal. Methods, 2015, 7, 9655.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. E. Spain, S. Gilgunn, S. Sharma, K. Adamson, E. Carthy, R. O´Kennedy, R. J. Forster, Biosens. Bioelectron., 2016, 77,759.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Y. Shen, Y. Zhang, M. Liu, X. Liu, H. Guo, X. Zhang, S. Yao, Talanta, 2015, 141,288.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. N. S. Ferreira, M. G. F. Sales, Biosens. Bioelectron., 2014, 53,193.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. B. Kavosi, R. Hallaj, H. Teymourian, A. Salimi, Biosens. Bioelectron., 2014, 59,389.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. M. B. Santos, J. P. Agusil, B. Prieto-Siman, C. Sporer, V. Teixeira, J. Samitier, Biosens. Bioelectron., 2013, 45, 174.aaa

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. M. Braiek, K. B. Rokbani, A. Chrouda, B. Mrabet, A. Bakhrouf, A. Maaref, N. Jaffrezic-Renault, Biosensors, 2012, 2,417.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. X. Zhang, Y. Shen, G. Shen, S. Wang, Anal. Biochem., 2016, 504, 14.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Ç. S. im ek, M. N. S. Karaboa, M. K. Sezgintürk, Talanta, 2015, 144,210.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. G. Shen, X. Zhang, Y. Shen, C. Zhang, J. Electroanal. Chem., 2015, 759,67.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. X. Chen, Z. Ma, Biosens. Bioelectron., 2014, 55,343.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Q. Zhang, X. Chen, F. Tu, C. Yao, Biosens. Bioelectron., 2014, 59,377.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. X. Sun, Z. Ma, Biosens. Bioelectron., 2012, 35,470.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. M. Chen, C. Zhao, W. Chen, S. Weng, A. Liu, Q. Liu, X. Lin, Analyst, 2013, 138, 7341.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. C. Sign, G. Sumana, J. Phys. Conf. Ser., 2016, 704,214.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. K. Rajesh, V. Sharma, S. K. Mishra, A. M. Biradar, Mater. Chem. Phys., 2012, 132,22.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. H. Chen, F. Liu, F. Qi, K. Koh, K. Wang, Int. J. Mol. Sci., 2014, 15, 5496.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. D. Caballero, E. Martinez, J. Bausells, A. Errachid, J. Samitier, Anal. Chim. Acta, 2012, 720,43.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. G. R. Safina, E. P. Medyantseva, O. N. Bazarnova, N. I. Glushko, G. K. Budnikov, J. Anal. Chem., 2006, 61,912.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. H. Ma, J. Sun, Y. Zhang, S. Xia, Biochem. Eng. J., 2016, 115,38.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. R. Raghav, S. Srivastava, Biosens. Bioelectron., 2016, 78,396.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. S. K. Arya, A. Dey, S. Bhansali, Biosens. Bioelectron., 2011, 28,166.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. F. Tan, P. H. M. Leung, Z. B. Liu, Y. Zhang, L. Xiao, W. Ye, M. Yang, Sens. Actuators B: Chem., 2011, 159,328.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. C. Chai, J. Lee, J. Park, P. Takhistov, Appl. Surf. Sci., 2012, 263,195.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. E. Makhneva, A. Manakhov, P. Skládal, L. Zajíčková, Surf. Coat. Tech., 2016, 290,116.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Q. Rong, F. Feng, Z. Ma, Biosens. Bioelectron., 2015, 75,148.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. C. S. Chen, K. N. Chang, Y. H. Chen, C. K. Lee, B. Y. J. Lee, A. S. Y. Lee, Biosens. Bioelectron., 2011, 26, 3072.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. X. Zhang, G. Shen, S. Sun, Y. Shen, C. Zhang, A. Xiao, Sens. Actuators B: Chem., 2014, 200,304.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. W. Lu, X. Cao, L. Tao, J. Ge, J. Dong, W. Qian, Biosens. Bioelectron., 2014, 57,219.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. E. Din kaya, Ö. Kinik, M. K. Sezgintürk, Ç. Altugv, A. Akkoca, Artif. Cells Blood Substit. Immobil. Biotechnol., 2012, 40,385.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. S. Chebil, A. Miodek, V. Ambike, H. Sauriat-Dorizon, C. Policar, H. Korri-Youssoufi, Sens. Actuators B: Chem., 2013, 185,762.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. B. Prieto-Simin, C. Saint, N. H. Voelcker, Anal. Chem., 2014, 86, 1422.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Z. Taleat, C. Cristea, G. Marrazza, M. Mazloum-Ardakani, R. Sindulescu, J. Electroanal. Chem., 2014, 717—718,119.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. M. A. Komkova, E. A. Andreyev, V. N. Nikitina, V. A. Krupenin, D. E. Presnov, E. E. Karyakina, A. K. Yatsimirsky, A. A. Karyakin, Electroanalysis, 2015, 27, 2055.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. M. Cui, Z. Song, Y. Wu, B. Guo, X. Fan, X. Luo, Biosens. Bioelectron., 2016, 79,736.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. M. A. Shiryaev, S. A. Eremin, A. N. Baranov, Nanotechnologies in Russia, 2014, 9,99.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. K. Nikolaev, S. Ermakov, Y. Ermolenko, E. Averyaskina, A. Offenhäusser, Y. Mourzina, Bioelectrochemistry, 2015, 105,34.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. S. Dawan, P. Kanatharana, B. Wongkittisuksa, W. Limbut, A. Numnuam, C. Limsakul, P. Thavarungkul, Anal. Chim. Acta, 2011, 699,232.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. E. P. Medyantseva, D. V. Brusnitsyn, R. M. Varlamova, A. A. Maksimov, A. N. Fattakhova, O. A. Konovalova, G. K. Budnikov, Russ. J. Appl. Chem., 2015, 88,40.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. F. Duval, T. A. van Beek, H. Zuilhof, Analyst, 2015, 140, 6467.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. S. Vutti, S. Schoffelen, J. Bolinsson, N. Buch-Monson, N. Bovet, J. Nygird, M. Meldal, Chem. Eur. J., 2016, 22,496.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. M. Wilchek, E. A. Bayer, O. Livnah, Immunol. Lett., 2006, 103,27.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. N. Mustafaoglu, N. J. Alves, B. Bilgicer, Langmuir, 2015, 31, 9728.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. P. Dutta, S. Sawoo, N. Ray, O. Bouloussa, A. Sarkar, Bioconjugate Chem., 2011, 22, 1202.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. P. D. Tam, N. L. Hoang, T. Thi, N. Anh, H. Lan, T. Quang, J. Korean Phys. Soc., 2016, 68,1.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Q. H. Tran, T. H. H. Nguyen, A. T. Mai, T. T. Nguyen, Q. K. Vu, T. N. Phan, Adv. Nat. Sci. Nanosci. Nanotechnol., 2012, 3, 15012.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. C. W. Tsai, S. L. Jheng, W. Y. Chen, R. C. Ruaan, Anal. Chem., 2014, 86, 2931.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. L. Rotariu, F. Lagarde, N. Jaffrezic-Renault, C. Bala, Trends Anal. Chem., 2016, 79,80.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. R. Akter, B. Jeong, Y.-M. Lee, J.-S. Choi, M. A. Rahman, Biosens. Bioelectron., 2017, 91,637.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. F. Malvano, D. Albanese, A. Crescitelli, R. Pilloton, E. Esposito, Biosensors, 2016, 6,33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. J. Tang, Y. Huang, C. Zhang, H. Liu, D. Tang, Biosens. Bioelectron., 2016, 86,386.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. S. H. Kazemi, E. Ghodsi, S. Abdollahi, S. Nadri, Mat. Sci. Eng. C, 2016, 69,447.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. R. Khan, M. Pal, A. V. Kuzikov, T. Bulko, E. V. Suprun, V. V. Shumyantseva, Mat. Sci. Eng. C, 2016, 68,52.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. P. D. Nguyen, T. B. Tran, D. T. X. Nguyen, J. Min, Sens. Actuators B: Chem., 2014, 197,314.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. J. Mehta, P. Vinayak, S. K. Tuteja, V. A. Chhabra, N. Bhardwaj, A. K. Paul, A. Deep, Biosens. Bioelectron., 2016, 83,339.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. D. Zhu, Q. Li, X. Pang, Y. Liu, X. Wang, G. Chen, Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 2016, 408, 5593.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. G. Shen, Y. Shen, X. Zhang, C. Zhang, Electrochemistry, 2016, 3,6.

    Google Scholar 

  75. M. A. A. Tabrizi, M. Shamsipur, A. Mostafaie, Mat. Sci. Eng. C, 2016, 59,965.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. J. Wan, J. Ai, Y. Zhang, X. Geng, Q. Gao, Z. Cheng, Sci. Rep., 2016, 6, 19806.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. M. Masikini, A. Williams, C. Sunday, T. Waryo, E. Nxusani, L. Wilson, E. Iwuoha, Materials, 2016, 9,273.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  78. J. Yang, C. Gomes Da Rocha, S. Wang, A. A. Pupim Ferreira, H. Yamanaka, Talanta, 2015, 142,183.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. J. Cecchetto, F. C. Carvalho, A. Santos, F. C. B. Fernandes, P. R. Bueno, Sens. Actuators B: Chem., 2015, 213,150.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. L. Liu, D. Xu, Y. Hu, S. Liu, H. Wei, J. Zheng, C. Wang, Food Control, 2015, 53,72.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. R. Raghav, S. Srivastava, Sens. Actuators B: Chem., 2015, 220,557.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Z. Zhu, L. Shi, H. Feng, H. S. Zhou, Bioelectrochemistry, 2015, 101,153.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Y. Li, J. Han, R. Chen, X. Ren, Q. Wei, Anal. Biochem., 2015, 469,76.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Z. Yang, Z. Jian, X. Chen, J. Li, P. Qin, J. Zhao, X. Hu, Biosens. Bioelectron., 2015, 63,190.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. D. Wang, W. Hu, Y. Xiong, Y. Xu, C. M. Li, Biosens. Bioelectron., 2015, 63,185.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. X. Chen, P. Qin, J. Li, Z. Yang, Z. Wen, Z. Jian, X. Jiao, Microchim. Acta, 2015, 182,369.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. E. Arkan, R. Saber, Z. Karimi, M. Shamsipur, Anal. Chim. Acta, 2015, 874,66.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Z. Jiang, C. Zhao, L. Lin, S. Weng, Q. Liu, X. Lin, Anal. Methods, 2015, 7, 4508.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. P. Kongsuphol, H. H. Ng, J. P. Pursey, S. K. Arya, C. C. Wong, E. Stulz, M. K. Park, Biosens. Bioelectron., 2014, 61,274.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. A. Deep, M. Saraf, S. K. N. Bharadwaj, A. L. Sharma, Electrochim. Acta, 2014, 146,301.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. N. Li, Y. Wang, Y. Li, W. Cao, H. Ma, D. Wu, Q. Wei, Sens. Actuators B: Chem., 2014, 202,67.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. W. Jin, G. Yang, H. Shao, A. Qin, Food Control, 2014, 39,185.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Y. Wang, J. Ping, Z. Ye, J. Wu, Y. Ying, Biosens. Bioelectron., 2013, 49,492.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. H. Dai, G. Yang, F. Qi, X. Jiao, Anal. Methods, 2013, 5, 5684.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. M. Y. Shen, B. R. Li, Y. K. Li, Biosens. Bioelectron., 2014, 60,101.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. S. P. Lin, C. Y. Pan, K. C. Tseng, M. C. Lin, C. D. Chen, C. C. Tsai, Y. T. Chen, Nano Today, 2009, 4,235.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. S. Okamoto, Y. Ohno, K. Maehashi, K. Inoue, K. Matsumoto, Jap. J. Appl. Phys., 51,25.

  98. G. Presnova, D. Presnov, V. Krupenin, V. Grigorenko, A. Trifonov, I. Andreeva, M. Rubtsova, Biosens. Bioelectron., 2017, 88,283.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. F. Yuan, Y. Deng, W. Zhou, M. Zhang, Z. Li, Nano Res., 2016, 9, 1701.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. S. Stefansson, H. H. Kwon, S. N. Ahn, J. Nanotechnol., 2012, 2012,8.

    Google Scholar 

  101. J. W. Park, W. Na, J. Jang, RSC Advances, 2016, 6, 14335.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Y. Lo, K. D. H. Nam, K. H. So, H. Chang, J. Kim, Y. H. Kim, J. Lee, ACS Nano, 2009, 3, 3649.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. S. Hideshima, R. Sato, S. Kuroiwa, T. Osaka, Biosens. Bioelectron., 2011, 26, 2419.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. J. Oh, G. Yoo, Y. W. Chang, H. J. Kim, J. Jose, E. Kim, K. H. Yoo, Biosens. Bioelectron., 2013, 50,345.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. S. Wustoni, S. Hideshima, S. Kuroiwa, T. Nakanishi, M. Hashimoto, Y. Mori, T. Osaka, Biosens. Bioelectron., 2015, 67,256.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. S. Regonda, R. Tian, J. Gao, S. Greene, J. Ding, W. Hu, Biosens. Bioelectron., 2013, 45,245.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. V. Krivitsky, L. C. Hsiung, A. Lichtenstein, B. Brudnik, R. Kantaev, R. Elnathan, F. Patolsky, Nano Lett., 2012, 12, 4748.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. N. Formisano, N. Bhalla, M. Heeran, J. Reyes, A. Sarkar, M. Laabei, P. Estrela, Biosens. Bioelectron., 2016, 85,103.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. H. C. Chen, Y. T. Chen, R. Y. Tsai, M. C. Chen, S. L. Chen, M. C. Xiao, M. Y. Hua, Biosens. Bioelectron., 2015, 66,198.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. N. Belkhamssa, J. P. Costa, C. I. L. Justino, P. S. M. Santos, S. Cardoso, A. C. Duarte, M. Ksibi, Talanta, 2016, 158,30.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. L.-C. Yen, T.-M. Pan, C.-H. Lee, T.-S. Chao, Sens. Actuators B: Chem., 2016, 230,398.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. A. Purwidyantri, H. C. Lai, S. H. Tsai, J. D. Luo, C. C. Chiou, Y. C. Tian, C. S. Lai, Sens. Actuators B: Chem., 2015, 217,92.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. S. Cheng, S. Hideshima, S. Kuroiwa, T. Nakanishi, T. Osaka, Sens. Actuators B: Chem., 2015, 212,329.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. A. Sharma, S. Hong, R. Singh, J. Jang, Anal. Chim. Acta, 2015, 869,68.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. T. Minamiki, T. Minami, R. Kurita, O. Niwa, S. I. Wakida, K. Fukuda, S. Tokito, Appl. Phys. Lett., 2014, 104,1.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. N. C. S. Vieira, A. Figueiredo, J. F. dos Santos, S. M. Aoki, F. E. G. Guimarres, V. Zucolotto, Anal. Methods, 2014, 6, 8882.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. A. Gao, N. Lu, P. Dai, C. Fan, Y. Wang, T. Li, Nanoscale, 2014, 6, 13036.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. D. J. Kim, I. Y. Sohn, J. H. Jung, O. J. Yoon, N. E. Lee, J. S. Park, Biosens. Bioelectron., 2013, 41,621.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. M. B. Lerner, J. Dailey, B. R. Goldsmith, D. Brisson, A. T. C. Johnson, Biosens. Bioelectron., 2013, 45,163.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. H. Hong, Y. Park, J. Kim, K. Song, C. Choi, Mat. Trans., 2012, 53, 1633.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. W. Su, X. Gao, L. Jiang, J. Qin, J. Chromatogr. A, 2015, 1377,13.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. U. Eletxigerra, J. Martinez-Perdiguero, S. Merino, Sens. Actuators B: Chem., 2015, 221, 1406.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. S. S. Kallempudi, Z. Altintas, J. H. Niazi, Y. Gurbuz, Sens. Actuators B: Chem., 2012, 163,194.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. K. F. Lei, S. I. Yang, S. W. Tsai, H. T. Hsu, Talanta, 2015, 134,264.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. M. Tang, G. Wang, S. K. Kong, H. P. Ho, Micromachines, 2016, 7,26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  126. L. X. Kong, A. Perebikovsky, J. Moebius, L. Kulinsky, M. Madou, J. Lab. Autom., 2016, 21,323.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  127. J. Gilmore, M. Islam, R. Martinez-Duarte, Micromachines, 2016, 7,52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  128. K. N. Han, C. A. Li, G. H. Seong, Ann. Rev. Anal. Chem., 2013, 6, 119.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to A. N. Kozitsina.

Additional information

Based on the Materials of the XX Mendeleev Congress on General and Applied Chemistry (September 26—30, 2016, Ekaterinburg, Russia).

Published in Russian in Izvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 10, pp. 1797—1811, October, 2017.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Svalova, T.S., Malysheva, N.N. & Kozitsina, A.N. Structure of the receptor layer in electrochemical immunosensors. Modern trends and prospects of development. Russ Chem Bull 66, 1797–1811 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11172-017-1951-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11172-017-1951-0

Keywords

Navigation