Abstract
Solutions of 1-adamantanol in sulfuric acid at T < 100 °C interact with alkanes (RH, [H2SO4] > 85%) and arenes (ArH, [H2SO4] > 59%). The data on the kinetics, kinetic isotope effect (KIE), effects of the structure of RH and ArH and acidity of the medium, and the observation of 1,4-cis-dimethylcyclohexane isomerization indicate that adamanyl cations (Ad+) serve as reactive species. In the reactions with alkanes, the Ad+ cation abstracts the hydride ion from RH in the rate-determining step. Compensation dependences appear between the activaion parameters for the KIE and “effect 5/6” (ratio of the rate constants for the C–H bond cleavage in cyclopentane and cyclohexane) in the reactions of cycloalkanes with Ad+ and other electrophilic reagents, such as “anthracene” (An2)H+ and hydroxymethyl (CH2OH)+ cations and HgII ions, including the points of the lower selectivity limit (k H/k D) = 1.4, (“5/6”) = 1. In the reactions with the Ad+ cation, the bond selectivity 30: 20 of alkanes is higher, while 20: 20 is lower compared to other reagents. In the first case, the selectivity is probably determined predominantly by the energies of the cleaved C–H bonds, whereas in the second case it is determined by steric hindrances. Judging by the kinetic and selectivity data in the series benzene—toluene—o-xylene—m-xylene and the absence of the reaction with p-xylene, mesitylene, and pseudocumene, it can be concluded that the main contribution to the Ad+ + ArH interaction is made by adamantylation to the para- and meta-positions of the benzene ring, whereas the ortho-positions are inaccessible to the attack because of steric hindrances.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
E. S. Rudakov, Reaktsii alkanov s okislitelyami, metallo-kompleksami i radikalami v rastvorakh [Reactions of Alkanes with Oxidants, Metal Complexes, and Radicals in Solutions], Naukova Dumka, Kiev, 1985, 248 pp. (in Russian).
V. V. Goncharuk, G. L. Kamalov, G. A. Kovtun, E. S. Rudakov, V. K. Yatsimirskii, Kataliz. Mekhanizmy gomogennogo i geterogennogo kataliza, klasternye podkhody [Catalysis: Mechanisms of Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis, Cluster Approaches], Naukova Dumka, Kiev, 2002, p. 220 (in Russian).
E. S. Rudakov, Kinet. Katal., 1990, 31, 37 [Kinet. Catal., 1990, 31 (Engl. Transl.)].
E. S. Rudakov, V. L. Lobachev, Izv. Akad. Nauk, Ser. Khim., 2000, 765 [Russ. Chem. Bull., Int. Ed., 2000, 49, 761].
V. L. Lobachev, E. S. Rudakov, Usp. Khim., 2006, 75, 422 [Russ. Chem. Rev., 2006, 75 (Engl. Transl.)].
E. S. Rudakov, V. L. Lobachev, Izv. Sib. Otd. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Khim. Nauk, 1987, No. 9, 25 [Izv. Sib. Otd. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Khim. Nauk, 1987, No. 9 (Engl. Transl.)].
E. S. Rudakov, V. L. Lobachev, Kinet. Katal., 1990, 31, 1302 [Kinet. Catal., 1990, 31 (Engl. Transl.)].
R. A. Periana, D. J. Taube, E. R. Evitt, D. G, Loffler, P. R. Wentrcek, G. Voss, T. Masuda, Science, 1993, 259, 340.
R. A. Periana, G. Bhalla, W. J. Tenn, III, Kenneth J. H. Young, X. Y. Liu, O. Mironov, C. J. Jones, V. R. Ziatdinov, J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem., 2004, 220, 7.
I. P. Stolyarov, M. N. Vargaftik, I. I. Moiseev, Kinet. Katal., 1989, 30, 1513 [Kinet. Catal., 1989, 30 (Engl. Transl.)].
N. Basickes, E. Terrence, E. Hogan, A. Sen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1996, 118, 13111.
M. Zerella, A. Kahros, A. T. Bell, J. Catal., 2006, 237, 111.
X. Gang, H. Birch, Y. Zhu, H. A. Hjuler, N. J. Bjerrum, J. Catal., 2000, 196, 287.
B. Mikhal’kevich, Kinet. Katal., 2003, 44, 874 [Kinet. Catal., 2003, 44 (Engl. Transl.)].
M. Lersch, M. Tilset, Chem. Rev., 2005, 105, 2471.
V. S. Arutyunov, O. V. Krylov, Usp. Khim., 2005, 74, 1216 [Russ. Chem. Rev., 2005, 74 (Engl. Transl.)].
V. P. Tret’yakov, E. S. Rudakov, in Metallokompleksnyi kataliz [Metallocomplex Catalysis], Naukova Dumka, Kiev, 1977, 63 (in Russian).
E. S. Rudakov, V. V. Zamashchikov, N. P. Belyaeva, R. I. Rudakova, Zh. Fiz. Khim., 1973, 47, 2732 [Russ. J. Phys. Chem, 1973, 47 (Engl. Transl.)].
E. S. Rudakov, R. I. Rudakova, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 1974, 218, 1377 [Dokl. Chem., 1974, 218 (Engl. Transl.)].
E. S. Rudakov, R. I. Rudakova, in Metallokompleksnyi kataliz [Metallocomplex Catalysis], Naukova Dumka, Kiev, 1977, 85 (in Russian).
E. S. Rudakov, R. I. Rudakova, V. L. Lobachev, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 1978, 239, 401 [Dokl. Chem., 1978, 239 (Engl. Transl.)].
Progress in Physical Organic Chemistry, 1 and 2, Eds. S. G. Cohen, A. Streitwieser, Jr., R. W. Taft, Interscience Publishers John Wiley and Sons, New York—London, 1963.
Z. N. Parnes, D. N. Kursanov, Reaktsii gidridnogo peremeshcheniya v organicheskoi khimii [Reactions of Hydride Migration in Organic Chemistry], Nauka, Moscow, 1969, 164 pp. (in Russian).
C. D. Nenitzescu, in Carbonium Ions, Wiley—Interscience, A division of John Wiley and Sons, New York, London, Sydney, Toronto, 1969, 2, p. 463.
G. A. Olah, J. Org. Chem., 2001, 66, 5943.
Industrial and Laboratory Alkylations, Eds L. F. Albright, A. R. Goldsby, ACS Symposium Series, 55, American Chemical Society, Washington, D. C, 1977.
Yu. M. Zhorov, Izomerizatsiya uglevodorodov [Isomerization of Hydrocarbons], Khimiya, Moscow, 1983, 301 pp. (in Russian).
E. S. Rudakov, V. V. Zamashchikov, A. I. Lutsyk, Teor. Eksp. Khim., 1976, 12, 474 [Theor. Exp. Chem., 1976, 12 (Engl. Transl.)].
E. S. Rudakov, N. A. Tishchenko, A. I. Lutsyk, S. Yu. Suikov, Neftekhimiya, 1983, 23, 90 [Petroleum Chemistry, 1983, 23 (Engl. Transl.)].
N. A. Tishchenko, E. S. Rudakov, Kinet. Katal., 1990, 31, 32 [Kinet. Catal., 1990, 31 (Engl. Transl.)].
V. L. Lobachev, G. P. Zimtseva, E. S. Rudakov, Teor. Eksp. Khim., 2001, 37, 15 [Theor. Exp. Chem., 2001, 37 (Engl. Transl.)].
V. I. Lantvoev, in Sovremennye problemy organicheskoi khimii, Leningrad [Modern Problems of Organic Chemistry], 1978, No. 6, p. 94 (in Russian).
A. P. Khardin, S. S. Radchenko, Usp. Khim., 1982, 51, 480 [Russ. Chem. Rev., 1982, 51 (Engl. Transl.)].
E. I. Bagrii, Adamantany: poluchenie, svoistva, primenenie [Adamantanes: Synthesis, Properties, and Application], Nauka, Moscow, 1989, 164 pp. (in Russian).
V. P. Litvinov, M.-G. A. Shvekhgeimer, Zh. Org. Khim., 1997, 33, 1447 [Russ. J. Org. Chem., 1997, 33 (Engl. Transl.)].
I. K. Moiseev, N. V. Makarova, M. N. Zemtsova, Usp. Khim., 1999, 68, 1102 [Russ. Chem. Rev., 1999, 68 (Engl. Transl.)].
E. I. Bagrii, Neftekhimiya, 1995, 35, 214 [Petroleum Chemistry, 1995, 35 (Engl. Transl.)].
M. Mella, M. Freccero, T. Soldi, E. Fasani, A. Albini, J. Org. Chem., 1996, 61, 1413.
E. S. Rudakov, N. A. Tishchenko, V. P. Kukhar’, V. F. Baklan, Dokl. Akad. Nauk USSR, Ser. B, 1982, 56 (in Russian).
L. K. Volkova, E. S. Rudakov, A. V. Nikolaenko, Teor. Eksp. Khim., 2003, 39, 27 [Theor. Exp. Chem., 2003, 39 (Engl. Transl.)].
E. S. Rudakov, L. K. Volkova, Teor. Eksp. Khim., 2003, 39, 288 [Theor. Exp. Chem., 2003, 39 (Engl. Transl.)].
L. K. Volkova, E. S. Rudakov, Teor. Eksp. Khim., 2006, 42, 27 [Theor. Exp. Chem., 2006, 42 (Engl. Transl.)].
E. S. Rudakov, L. K. Volkova, N. A. Tishchenko, Kinet. Katal., 1988, 29, 1344 [Kinet. Catal., 1988, 29 (Engl. Transl.)].
E. S. Rudakov, L. K. Volkova, N. A. Tishchenko, Kinet. Katal., 1989, 30, 579 [Kinet. Catal., 1989, 30 (Engl. Transl.)].
E. S. Rudakov, L. K. Volkova, Khim. Fiz., 1996, 15, 35 [Sov. Chem. Phys., 1996, 15 (Engl. Transl.)].
E. S. Rudakov, L. K. Volkova, in Khimicheskaya fizika na poroge XXI v. K 100-letiyu akad. N. N. Semenova [Chemical Physics at the Frontier of the XXI Century. To the 100th Anniversary of Academician N. N. Semenov], Nauka, Moscow, 1996, pp. 60–73 (in Russian).
A. A. Fokin, P. R. Schreiner, Chem. Rev, 2002, 102, 1551.
M. V. Frash, V. N. Solkan, V. B. Kazansky, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans., 1997, 93, 515.
I. V. Kozhevnikov, K. I. Matveev, Usp. Khim., 1978, 47, 1231 [Russ. Chem. Rev., 1978, 47 (Engl. Transl.)].
I. P. Beletskaya, D. I. Makhon’kov, Usp. Khim., 1981, 50, 1007 [Russ. Chem. Rev., 1981, 50 (Engl. Transl.)].
G. A. Olah, Usp. Khim., 1975, 44, 793 [Russ. Chem. Rev., 1975, 44 (Engl. Transl.)].
H. W. Geluk, J. L. M. A. Schlatmann, Tetrahedron, 1968, 24, 5361.
E. A. Shokova, S. I. Knopova, Nguen Dang K’en, B. A. Kazanskii, Neftekhimiya, 1973, 13, 585 [Petroleum Chemistry, 1973, 13 (Engl. Transl.)].
E. A. Shokova, O. N. Garicheva, Neftekhimiya, 1975, 15, 363 [Petroleum Chemistry, 1975, 15 (Engl. Transl.)].
D. R. Adams, P. D. Dailey, I. D. Collier, S. A. H. Leah, C. Ridyard, Chem. Commun., 1996, 333.
A. M. Genaev, V. A. Sokolenko, G. E. Sal’nikov, V. I. Mamatyuk, V. G. Shubin, Zh. Org. Khim., 2002, 38, 1051 [Russ. J. Org. Chem., 2002, 38 (Engl. Transl.)].
K. Takeuchi, T. Okazaki, T. Kitagawa, T. Ushino, K. Ueda, T. Endo, J. Org. Chem., 2001, 66, 2034.
J. Valyon, J. Engelhardt, F. Lonyi, D. Kallo, A. Gomory, Applied Catalysis A — General, 2002, 229, 135.
A. N. Nesmeyanov, N. A. Nesmeyanov, Nachala organicheskoi khimii [Principles of Organic Chemistry], 1, Khimiya, Moscow, 1969, 663 pp. (in Russian).
P. R. Schleyer, R. C. Fort, Jr., W. E. Watts, M. B. Comisarow, G. A. Olah, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1964, 86, 4195.
N. A. Tishchenko, E. S. Rudakov, S. B. Lyubchik, Kinet. Katal., 1989, 30, 588 [Kinet. Catal., 1989, 30 (Engl. Transl.)].
H. Cerfontain, Rec. Trav. Chim., 1965, 84, 491.
J. H. Hine, P. K. Mookerjee, J. Org. Chem., 1975, 40, 292.
Fiziko-khimicheskie svoistva individual’nykh uglevodorodov [Physicochemical Properties of Individual Hydrocarbons], Ed. V. Tatevskii, Gostoptekhizdat, Moscow, 1960, 412 pp. (in Russian).
M. I. Vinnik, Usp. Khim., 1966, 35, 1922 [Russ. Chem. Rev., 1966, 35 (Engl. Transl.)].
N. C. Deno, J. J. Jaruzelski, A. Schriesheim, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1955, 77, 3044.
A. K. Roebuck, B. L. Evering, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1953, 75, 1631.
L. J. Bellamy, The Infra-red Spectra of Complex Molecules, Methuen and Co. LTD, London, JCHN Wiley and Sons INC, New York, 1958.
E. S. Rudakov, N. A. Tishchenko, Kinet. Katal., 1990, 31, 1079 [Kinet. Catal., 1990, 31 (Engl. Transl.)].
E. S. Rudakov, N. A. Tishchenko, Kinet. Katal., 1991, 32, 274 [Kinet. Catal., 1991, 32 (Engl. Transl.)].
J. O. Morley, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 1976, 1554.
N. A. Tishchenko, E. S. Rudakov, Kinet. Katal., 1989, 30, 1058 [Kinet. Catal., 1989, 30 (Engl. Transl.)].
R. Sperling, J. Chem. Soc., 1949, 1928.
N. K. Moshchinskaya, Polimernye materialy na osnove aromaticheskikh uglevodorodov i formal’degida [Polymer Materials Based on Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Formaldehyde], Tekhnika, Kiev, 1970, 256 pp. (in Russian).
D. R. Stull, E. F. Westrum, Jr., G. C. Sinke, The Chemical Thermodynamics of Organic Compounds, John Willey and Sons, Inc., New York—London—Sydney—Toronto, 1969.
Energii razryva khimicheskikh svyazei. Potentsialy ionizatsii i srodstvo k elektronu [Dissociation Energies of Chemical Bonds: Ionization Potentials and Electron Affinity], Ed. V. N. Kondrat’ev, Nauka, Moscow, 1974, 351 pp. (in Russian).
K. L. Rollick, J. K. Kochi, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1982, 104, 1319.
J. Heicklen, Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 1981, 13, 651.
L. Melander, W. H. Saunders, Jr, Reaction Rates of Isotopic Molecules, A. Wiley-Interscience Publication John Wiley and Sons, New York—Chichester—Brisbane—Toronto, 1980.
Progress in Physical Organic Chemistry, 1 and 2, Ed. S. G. Cohen, Streitwieser, Jr., R.W. Taft, Interscience Publishers, John Wiley and Sons, New York—London, 1963.
V. V. Goncharuk, Fiziko-khimicheskie osnovy podbora katalizatorov kislotno-osnovnogo tipa [Physicochemical Foundations for the Selection of Acid-Base Catalysts], Naukova Dumka, Kiev, 1991, 215 pp. (in Russian).
G. C. Bond, M. A. Keane, H. Kral, J. A. Lercher, Catal. Rev. — Sci. Eng., 2000, 42, 323.
M. E. Brown, A. K. Galwey, Thermochimica Acta, 2002, 387, 173.
F. Mares, J. Rocek, J. Sicher, Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun., 1961, 26, 2355.
R. A. M. O’Ferral, J. Chem. Soc. B., 1970, 785.
R. P. Bell, The Proton in Chemistry, 2nd ed., Chapman and Hall, London, 1973.
H. Rükhardt, Zh. Vsesoyuz. Khim. o-va im. D. I. Mendeleeva, 1979, 24, 121 [Mendeleev Chem. J., 1979, 24 (Engl. Transl.)].
H. Kwart, Acc. Chem. Res., 1982, 15, 401.
V. G. Granik, Usp. Khim., 1982, 51, 207 [Russ. Chem. Rev., 1982, 51 (Engl. Transl.)].
E. T. Denisov, Kinet. Katal., 1992, 33, 1069 [Kinet. Catal., 1992, 33 (Engl. Transl.)].
Y. Kim, M. M. Kreevoy, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1992, 114, 7116.
A. Sorokin, A. Robert, B. Meunier, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1993, 115, 7293.
E. S. Rudakov, I. V. Kozhevnikov, V. V. Zamashchikov, Usp. Khim., 1974, 43, 707 [Russ. Chem. Rev., 1974, 43 (Engl. Transl.)].
G. M. Kramer, Tetrahedron, 1986, 42, 1071.
C. K. Ingold, Structure and Mechanism in Organic Chemistry, Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London, 1969.
G. A. Olah, S. H. Flood, S. J. Kuhn, M. E. Moffatt, N. A. Overchuck, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1964, 86, 1046.
E. S. Rudakov, L. K. Volkova, Kinet. Katal., 2006, 47, 885 [Kinet. Catal., 2006, 47, 858 (Engl. Transl.)].
F. P. De Haan, H. C. Brown, J. C. Hill, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1969, 91, 4850.
V. G. Lipovich, M. F. Polubentseva, Alkilirovanie aromaticheskikh uglevodorodov [Alkylation of Aromatic Hydrocarbons], Khimiya, Moscow, 1985, 272 pp. (in Russian).
G. A. Olah, S. H. Flood, M. E. Moffatt, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1964, 86, 1060.
H. C. Brown, C. R. Smoot, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1956, 78, 6255.
F. Cacace, G. Ciranni, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1986, 108, 887.
I. K. Moiseev, R. I. Doroshenko, Zh. Org. Khim., 1982, 18, 1233 [J. Org. Chem. USSR, 1982, 18 (Engl. Transl.)].
N. I. Miryan, A. G. Yurchenko, E. I. Kirienko, Ukr. Khim. Zh., 1990, 56, 183 [Ukr. Khim. Zh., 1990, 56 (Engl. Transl.)].
A. G. Zhukov, V. A. Topchii, V. P. Sungurova, S. I. Bass, A. G. Yurchenko, Zh. Org. Khim., 1990, 26, 350 [J. Org. Chem. USSR, 1990, 26 (Engl. Transl.)].
V. A. Topchii, I. V. Makhiboroda, A. G. Zhukov, A. G. Yurchenko, Zh. Org. Khim., 1991, 27, 108 [J. Org. Chem. USSR, 1991, 27 (Engl. Transl.)].
W. Kaandorp, H. Cerfontain, F. L. J. Sixma, Rec. Trav. Chim., 1963, 82, 113.
V. A. Koptyug, Arenonievye iony. Stroenie i reaktsionnaya sposobnost’ [Arenonium Ions: Structure and Reactivity], Nauka, Novosibirsk, 1983, 270 pp. (in Russian).
Correlation Analysis in Chemistry, Ed. N. B. Chapman, J. Shorter, Plenum Press, New York—London, 1978, 546 pp.
L. M. Stock, H. C. Brown, Advances in Physical Organic Chemistry, Ed. V. Gold, Academic Press, London—New York, 1963, 1, p. 35.
S. Fukuzumi, J. K. Kochi, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1981, 103, 7240.
A. S. Dneprovskii, T. I. Temnikova, Teoreticheskie osnovy organicheskoi khimii [Theoretical Foundations of Organic Chemistry], Khimiya, Leningrad, 1991, 560 pp. (in Russian).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Published in Russian in Izvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1581–1596, August, 2008.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Rudakov, E.S., Volkova, L.K. First steps of the reactions of alkanes and arenes with adamantyl cations in sulfuric acid in comparison with other reagents. Russ Chem Bull 57, 1611–1626 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11172-008-0208-3
Received:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11172-008-0208-3