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Development of chitosan@Fe2O3/rGO/Bi2S3 as a new eco-friendly photocatalyst for enhancing the catalytic stability and superior degradation of organic pollutants

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Abstract

The interconnected network structure of the Fe2O3/rGO/Bi2S3 heterostructure nanocomposite was synthesized using an improved hydrothermal method. Fe2O3 nanoparticles and Bi2S3 nanorods were distributed and dispersed on rGO sheets, revealing significant photocurrent production. Heterostructured nanocomposite was confirmed by scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), ultraviolet-diffused reflection spectroscopy (UV–DRS), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used to confirm the formation of the synthesize heterojunction nanoparticles. XRD analysis assures the crystallinity and also indicates the orthorhombic crystalline pattern of Bi2S3, whereas bead and thinfilm have the crystallinity drop-off due to the interaction of metal ions Bi3+, S2−, and Fe3+ in nanocomposite with chitosan. VSM data reveal the strong ferromagnetic behavior of synthesized particles even at room temperature, which enables recovery of Fe2O3/rGO/Bi2S3 powder. UV-DRS results and band energy studies substantiated that the enhancement of visible light active mechanism could be mainly attributed by the interaction of Fe2O3 and Bi2S3 in nanocomposite during photocatalysis which effectively improves e(−) and h(+) separation. The photocatalytic performance was evaluated with effluent chromophore reduction in the visible region and showed better degradation efficiency with real effluent than Bi2S3. One of the most challenging environments for engineering settings was the stability, recovery, and reusability of photocatalysts, as well as the attainment of zero liquid discharge. Alternatively, the creation of a photocatalyst with a nontoxic biopolymer combination is better for textile dye treatment plants. Astonishingly, the novel chitosan-based Fe2O3/rGO/Bi2S3 formation improves dye adsorption while also improving catalytic stability and recyclability. This research explores into the heterojunction photocatalytic study of various influents with varying loadings in order to satisfy the Tamilnadu Pollution Control Board's stringent limits.

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Acknowledgements

The first author thank the Anna University Environmental Lab for their Instrumentation support.

Funding

This research was not supported by any substantial funding.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centre for Energy Storage Technologies, Anna University, Chennai, India

    Nithya Ramasamy, Asha Mathew & Balasubramanian Natesan

  2. Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering Chennai, Tamilnadu, India

    Kavitha Nagarasampatti Palani

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  1. Nithya Ramasamy
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  2. Kavitha Nagarasampatti Palani
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  3. Asha Mathew
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  4. Balasubramanian Natesan
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Contributions

Conception and design contributed by NR and BN, methodology, and data collection contributed by NR and KNP; formal analysis contributed by NR and Asha Mathew; interpretation of results and draft manuscript preparation contributed by NR, KNP, and AM; and supervision and final validation contributed by BN. All authors reviewed the results and approved the final version of the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Balasubramanian Natesan.

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Ramasamy, N., Nagarasampatti Palani, K., Mathew, A. et al. Development of chitosan@Fe2O3/rGO/Bi2S3 as a new eco-friendly photocatalyst for enhancing the catalytic stability and superior degradation of organic pollutants. Res Chem Intermed 49, 2603–2624 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11164-023-05001-x

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