Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Synthesis of RE Y zeolite for formulation of FCC catalyst and the catalytic performance in cracking of n-hexadecane

  • Published:
Research on Chemical Intermediates Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This study presents the synthesis of rare earth-doped Y (RE Y) zeolite, its application in formulation of a fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalyst and the catalytic performance of the catalyst in cracking of n-hexadecane. Zeolite NaY was synthesized and transformed to RE Y zeolite. The FCC catalyst was formulated using the as-synthesized RE Y zeolite anchored on a support matrix made of activated alumina, metakaolin and silica sol. The as-prepared catalyst was characterized using X-ray diffraction, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller texture analysis, transmission electron microscopy and a pyridine probe acidity test using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The crystallinity values of the as-synthesized NaY zeolite and the formulated FCC catalyst were 90 and 39 %, respectively. The specific surface area, pore volume and pore diameter of the as-prepared catalyst were 280.7 m2/g, 0.0963 cm3/g and 13.72 Å, respectively. The crystal size was 200 nm, and the catalyst’s Lewis and Brønsted acidic site concentrations were 340.03 and 356.29 µmol/g, respectively. The catalytic performance of the catalyst at reaction temperatures of 400, 500 and 550 °C were 33.8, 55.2 and 63.7 %, respectively. The product yields of gasoline, liquefied petroleum gas and dry gas at the reaction temperature of 500 °C were 34.6, 17.6 and 2.4 wt%, respectively. The run octane number of the gasoline obtained at 500 °C was 83.9.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. X. Zhang, D. Tang, M. Zhang, R. Yang, Synthesis of NaX zeolite: influence of crystallization time, temperature and batch molar ratio SiO2/Al2O3 on the particulate properties of zeolite crystals. Powder Technol. 235, 322–328 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. A. Galadima, O. Muraza, Zeolite catalysts in upgrading of bioethanol to fuels range hydrocarbons: a review. J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 31, 1–14 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. T.W. David, Zeolites-earliest solid state acids. AU J. Tchnol. 11(1), 36–41 (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  4. H. Abou-Yousef, E.B. Hassan, A novel approach to enhance the activity of H-form zeolite catalyst for production of hydroxymethylfurfural from cellulose. J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 20(4), 1952–1957 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. F.E. Trigueiro, D.F.J. Monteiro, F.M.Z. Zotin, E.F. Sousa-Aguiar, Thermal stability of Y zeolites containing different rare earth cations. J. Alloy. Compd. 344, 337–341 (2002)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. D. Mravec, J. Hudec, H. Janotka, Some possibilities of catalytic and noncatalytic utilization of zeolites. Chemistry Paper 59(1), 62–69 (2005)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Y. Zhao, Z. Liu, W. Li, Y. Zhao, H. Pan, Y. Liu, M. Li, L. Kong, M. He, Synthesis, characterization, and catalytic performance of high-silica Y zeolites with different crystallite size. Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 167, 102–108 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. A. Charkhi, M. Kazemeini, S.J. Ahmadi, H. Kazemian, Fabrication of granulated NaY zeolite nanoparticles using a new method and study the adsorption properties. Powder Technol. 231, 1–6 (2012)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. D. Karami, S. Rohani, Synthesis of pure zeolite Y using soluble silicate, a two-level factorial experimental design. Chem. Eng. Process. 48, 1288–1292 (2009)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. W. Chen, D. Han, X. Sun, C. Li, Studies on the preliminary cracking of heavy oils: contributions of various factors. Fuel 106, 498–504 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. L.T.H. Nam, T.Q. Vinh, N.T.T. Loan, V.D.S. Tho, V. Yang, B. Su, Preparation of bio-fuels by catalytic cracking reaction of vegetable oil sludge. Fuel 90, 1069–1075 (2011)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. A. Stonoga, V. Silva, R. Weinschutz, C.I. Yamamoto, F.L.L. Jr, Catalytic cracking of light gas oil using microwaves as energy source. Fuel 106, 632–638 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. V. Abbasov, T. Mammadova, N. Andrushenko, N. Hasankhanova, Y. Lvov, E. Abdullayev, Halloysite–Y-zeolite blends as novel mesoporous catalysts for the cracking of waste vegetable oils with vacuum gasoil. Fuel 117, 552–555 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. N. Rahimi, R. Karimzadeh, Catalytic cracking of hydrocarbons over modified ZSM-5 zeolites to produce light olefins: a review. Appl. Catal. A 398, 1–17 (2011)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. D.M. Ginter, A.T. Bell, C.J. Radke, Synthesis of microporous materials: molecular sieves (Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1992)

    Google Scholar 

  16. R. Harry, Verified synthesis of zeolitic materials; Linde type Y (Synthesis Commission of the International Zeolite Association, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2001)

    Google Scholar 

  17. X. Gao, Z. Qin, B. Wang, X. Zhao, J. Li, H. Zhao, H. Liu, B. Shen, High silica REHY zeolite with low rare earth loading as high- performance catalyst for oil conversion. Appl. Catal. A 413, 254–260 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. X. Du, H. Zhang, X. Li, Z. Tan, H. Liu, X. Gao, Cation location and migration in lanthanum-exchanged NaY zeolite. Chin. J. Catal. 34, 1599–1607 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. N. Salahudeen, A.S. Ahmed, A.H. Al-Muhtaseb, M. Dauda, S.M. Waziri, B.Y. Jibril, Synthesis of gamma alumina from Kankara Kaolin using a novel technique. Appl. Clay Sci. 105–106, 170–177 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. N. Salahudeen, A.S. Ahmed, A.H. Al-Muhtaseb, M. Dauda, S.M. Waziri, B.Y. Jibril, J. Al-Sabahi, Synthesis, characterization and adsorption study of nano-sized activated alumina synthesized from kaolin using novel method. Powder Technol. doi:10.1016/j.powtec.2015.04.024

  21. K. Sandeep, M.K. Saxena, V. Nagabhatla, Studies on textural properties of lanthanum-exchanged y zeolites as promising materials for value upgradation of jatropha oil. J. Mater. Sci. 48, 7949–7959 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. M.M.J. Treacy, J.B. Higgins, Collection of Simulated XRD Powders for Zeolites (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2001)

    Google Scholar 

  23. C. Bebon, D. Colson, B. Marrot, J.P. Klein, F.D. Renzo, Synthesis of zeolites: study and applications of a new process of homogeneous shaking out of the medium to minimize the shear rate during the crystallization. Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 53, 13–20 (2002)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. P. Pal, J.K. Das, N. Das, S. Bandyopadhyay, Synthesis of NaP zeolite at room temperature and short crystallization time by sonochemical method. Ultrason. Sonochem. 20, 314–321 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. D.P. Serrano, J.M. Escola, P. Pizarro, Synthesis strategies in the search for hierarchical zeolites. Chem. Soc. Rev. 42, 4004–4035 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. S.H. Ng, Y. Zhu, A. Humphies, N. Nakajima, T.Y.R. Tsai, F. Ding, H. Ling, S. Yui, Key observations from a comprehensive FCC study on Canadian heavy gas oils from various origins: 1. Yield profiles in batch reactors. Fuel Process. Technol. 87, 475–485 (2006)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. F. Ding, S.H. Ng, C. Xu, S. Yui, Reduction of light cycle oil in catalytic cracking of bitumen-derived crude HGOs though catalyst selection. Fuel Process. Technol. 88, 833–845 (2007)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. X. Li, C. Li, J. Zhang, C. Yang, H. Shan, Effects of temperature and catalyst to oil weight ratio on the catalytic conversion of heavy oil to propylene using ZSM-5 and USY catalysts. J. Nat. Gas Chem. 16, 92–99 (2007)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. L. Jia, X. Sun, X. Ye, C. Zou, H. Gu, Y. Huang, G. Niu, D. Zhao, Core–shell composites of USY@Mesosilica: synthesis and application in cracking heavy molecules with high liquid yield. Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 176, 16–24 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. R. Borade, A. Sayari, A. Adnot, S. Kaliaguine, Characterization of acidity in ZSM5 Zeolites: an X-ray photoelectron and IR spectroscopy study. J. Phys. Chem. 94, 5989–5994 (1990)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. D. Santi, H.T. Tobias, V. Calemma, J. Weitkamp, High-performance ring-opening catalysts based on iridium-containing zeolite beta in the hydroconversion of decalin. Appl. Catal. A 455, 46–57 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. M. Akcay, The surface acidity and characterization of fe-montmorillonite probed by in situ FT-IR spectroscopy of adsorbed pyridine. Appl. Catal. A 294, 156–160 (2005)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. P. Ghosh, K.J. Hickey, S.B. Jaffe, Development of a detailed gasoline composition-based octane model. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 45, 337–345 (2006)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. V. Knop, M. Loos, C. Pera, N. Jeuland, A linear-by-mole blending rule for octane numbers of n-heptane/iso-octane/toluene mixtures. Fuel 115, 666–673 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial and technical supports of Petroleum Technology Development Fund (PTDF), Abuja, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, and Sultan Qaboos University, Oman.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria

    Nurudeen Salahudeen

  2. Department of Chemical Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria

    Abdulkarim S. Ahmed & Baba Y. Jibril

  3. Department of Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman

    Ala’a H. Al-Muhtaseb

  4. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria

    Mohammed Dauda

  5. Catalysis and Conversion Process Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum, Dehradun, India

    Nagabhatla Viswanadham & Sandeep K. Saxena

Authors
  1. Nurudeen Salahudeen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Abdulkarim S. Ahmed
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Ala’a H. Al-Muhtaseb
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Mohammed Dauda
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Baba Y. Jibril
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Nagabhatla Viswanadham
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Sandeep K. Saxena
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Nurudeen Salahudeen.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Salahudeen, N., Ahmed, A.S., Al-Muhtaseb, A.H. et al. Synthesis of RE Y zeolite for formulation of FCC catalyst and the catalytic performance in cracking of n-hexadecane. Res Chem Intermed 43, 467–479 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11164-016-2635-3

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11164-016-2635-3

Keywords

Search

Navigation