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Inland capture fisheries, dam reservoirs, and protected areas for wildlife conservation in India: conflicts and ways forward

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Abstract

Inland capture fisheries in rivers, wetlands, lakes, tanks, and dam reservoirs support millions of marginalized people in countries like India. While being a critical resource for many, fishing also has negative impacts on threatened wildlife, through net entanglement and mortality, and fishery-associated hunting or poaching activities. Also, both fishing and river wildlife have declined due to dams affecting river flows, water pollution, and other anthropogenic threats. A dominant approach to protect terrestrial wildlife in India has been the creation of Protected Areas (PAs) where human activities detrimental to wildlife, including fishing, are banned or significantly regulated. But PAs in India have been historically sited in and near dam reservoirs, where culture-based fisheries are often allowed. This triad of PAs, dams, and reservoir/river fisheries can lead to inequitable outcomes, tradeoffs, and conflicts between wildlife conservation and fishery-dependent livelihoods. Hence there is a need to understand factors leading to fishery-wildlife conservation conflicts across PAs. In this review paper, attribute data on ecotype, area, number of dams, fishing intensity levels, and conservation status were compiled for non-marine PAs across India to understand their broad correlations with fishery-conservation conflict intensity levels. Conflict intensity levels were correlated with PA area, PA conservation status, and fishing intensity, and with the number of dams associated with PAs. These results are discussed and specific institutional gaps and management limitations in India are identified, that need to be addressed to prevent negative fishing impacts on wildlife and secure human livelihoods dependent on fisheries.

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Acknowledgements

I sincerely thank Subhasis Dey, Tarun Nair, Aditya Joshi, Dr. Jagdish Krishnaswamy, Dr. Sunil Kumar Choudhary, Kadambari Deshpande, and Ms. P. Satpathy for their inputs, and Soumen Bakshi, Ravindra Kumar, and Akshay Kumar for their field support. BNP Paribas India Foundation, DSP HMK Holdings Pvt. Ltd., and Duleep Matthai Nature Conservation Trust, India provided funding support. Wildlife Conservation Trust-India provided institutional support. I thank the two anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments and helpful suggestions to improve the paper.

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    Nachiket Kelkar

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Kelkar, N. Inland capture fisheries, dam reservoirs, and protected areas for wildlife conservation in India: conflicts and ways forward. Rev Fish Biol Fisheries 33, 201–220 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11160-023-09758-7

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