Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Spatial management of estuarine fisheries resources: Do recreational-only fished estuaries provide conservation to harvested species?

  • Original Research
  • Published:
Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Management of fisheries by preventing commercial, whilst allowing recreational-only fishing in some areas, is intended to increase stocks so that sustainable recreational fishing is conserved or enhanced. This study examined whether the relative abundances and length and age characteristics of five harvested species of fish differed between recreational-only fished (ROF) estuaries, and those open to both recreational and commercial fishing (non-ROF) in southeastern Australia. Specific predictions based on absolute and ranked values of a range of parameters were made so that conclusions could be reached about the effects of management. Fish were sampled using multimesh gillnets in a standard and stratified manner across two ROF and two non-ROF estuaries over three years, six to eight years post ROF implementation. Abundances of each species fluctuated among individual estuaries and sampling times with no indication of greater abundances in ROF estuaries. For four species (Sillago ciliata, Mugil cephalus, Acanthopagrus spp. and Girella tricuspidata), the mean lengths and the proportions of individuals of legal length, were mostly greater in the ROF compared to the non-ROF estuaries. However, for Platycephalus fuscus there were no discernible patterns. Three species (P. fuscus, S. ciliata and Acanthopagrus spp.) had a significantly greater proportion of older fish in the ROF estuaries, but for M. cephalus and G. tricuspidata this was only evident in one ROF estuary. It is hypothesised that the cessation of commercial fishing and subsequent reduction in fishing pressure in the ROF estuaries allowed a greater proportion of individuals of each species to survive to become larger and older. This study provides correlative evidence that ROF estuaries can protect some harvested species at the local scale of estuary. Examination of lengths and ages of fish, rather than simply their abundances, was necessary to identify the effects of removing commercial fishing. Further research is required to determine the potential broader-scale and long-term sustainability benefits on species as well as any spill-over effects on other organisms and estuarine ecosystems.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

The metadata/datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

References

  • Alós J, Arlinghaus R (2013) Impacts of partial marine protected areas on coastal fish communities exploited by recreational angling. Fish Res 137:88–96

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arlinghaus R, Aas Ø, Alós J, Arismendi I, Bower S, Carle S, Czarkowski T, Freire KM, Hu J, Hunt LM, Lyach R (2021) Global participation in and public attitudes toward recreational fishing: international perspectives and developments. Rev Fish Sci Aquacult 29:58–95

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barbier EB, Hacker SD, Kennedy C, Koch EW, Stier AC, Silliman BR (2011) The value of estuarine and coastal services. Ecol Monog 81:169–193

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barrett NS, Edgar GJ, Buxton CD, Haddon M (2007) Changes in fish assemblages following 10 years of protection in Tasmanian marine protected areas. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 345:141–157

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Becker A, Taylor M, Folpp H, Lowry M (2022) Revisiting an artificial reef after 10 years: What has changed and what remains the same? Fish Res 249:e106261

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Birdsong M, Hunt LM, Arlinghaus R (2021) Recreational angler satisfaction: What drives it? Fish Fisheries 22:682–706

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blyth RE, Kaiser MJ, Edwards-Jones G, Hart PJ (2002) Voluntary management in an inshore fishery has conservation benefits. Env Conserv 29:493–508

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown CJ (2016) Social, economic and environmental effects of closing commercial fisheries to enhance recreational fishing. Mar Pol 73:204–209

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brownscombe JW, Hyder K, Potts W, Wilson KL, Pope KL, Danylchuk AJ, Cooke SJ, Clarke A, Arlinghaus R, Post JR (2019) The future of recreational fisheries: advances in science, monitoring, management, and practice. Fish Res 211:247–255

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Claudet J, Osenberg CW, Benedetti-Cecchi L, Domenici P, García-Charton JA, Pérez-Ruzafa Á, Badalamenti F, Bayle-Sempere J, Brito A, Bulleri F, Culioli JM (2008) Marine reserves: size and age do matter. Ecol Lett 11:481–489

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cooke SJ, Venturelli P, Twardek WM, Lennox RJ, Brownscombe JW, Skov C, Hyder K, Suski CD, Diggles BK, Arlinghaus R, Danylchuk AJ (2021) Technological innovations in the recreational fishing sector: implications for fisheries management and policy. Rev Fish Biol Fish 31:253–288

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Curley BG, Glasby TM, Curley AJ, Creese RG, Kingsford MJ (2013) Enhanced numbers of two temperate reef fishes in a small, partial-take marine protected area related to spearfisher exclusion. Biol Conserv 167:435–445

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Daniell KA, Plant R, Pilbeam V, Sabinot C, Paget N, Astles K, Steffens R, Barreteau O, Bouard S, Coad P, Gordon A (2020) Evolutions in estuary governance? Reflections and lessons from Australia. France and New Caledonia Mar Pol 112:103704

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Denny CM, Babcock RC (2004) Do partial marine reserves protect reef fish assemblages? Biol Conserv 116:119–129

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Di Franco A, Bussotti S, Navone A, Panzalis P, Guidetti P (2009) Evaluating effects of total and partial restrictions to fishing on Mediterranean rocky-reef fish assemblages. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 387:275–285

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Edgar GJ, Barrett NS (2012) An assessment of population responses of common inshore fishes and invertebrates following declaration of five Australian marine protected areas. Environ Conserv 39:271–281

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fenberg PB, Caselle JE, Claudet J, Clemence M, Gaines SD, Antonio GarcÃa-Charton J, Gonc ̧ alves EJ, Grorud-Colvert K, Guidetti P, Jenkins SR, Jones PJS, Lester SE, McAllen R, Moland E, Planes S, Sorensen TK (2012) The science of European marine reserves status, efficacy, and future needs. Mar Pol. 36:1012–1021

  • Floeter SR, Halpern BS, Ferreira CEL (2006) Effects of fishing and protection on Brazilian reef fishes. Biol Conserv 128:391–402

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fowler AM, Smith SM, Booth DJ, Stewart J (2016) Partial migration of grey mullet (Mugil cephalus) on Australia’s east coast revealed by otolith chemistry. Mar Environ Res 100:238–244

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gaines SD, White C, Carr MH, Palumbi SR (2010) Designing marine reserve networks for both conservation and fisheries management. Proc Nat Acad Sci 107:18286–18293

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Giakoumi S, Scianna C, Plass-Johnson J, Micheli F, Grorud-Colvert K, Thiriet P, Claudet J, Di Carlo G, Di Franco A, Gaines SD, García-Charton JA (2017) Ecological effects of full and partial protection in the crowded Mediterranean Sea: a regional meta-analysis. Sci Rep 7:1–12

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gray CA (2002) Management implications of discarding in an estuarine multi-species gill net fishery. Fish Res 56:177–192

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gray CA (2015) Spatial variation in demography of an estuarine teleost: implications for population and fishery assessments. Aquat Biol 23:209–223

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gray CA, Barnes LM (2015) Spawning, maturity, growth and movement of Platycephalus fuscus (Cuvier, 1829) (Platycephalidae): fishery management considerations. J App Ichthyol 31:442–450

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gray CA, Gale VJ, Stringfellow SL, Raines LP (2002) Variations in sex, length and age compositions of commercial catches of Platycephalus fuscus (Pisces: Platycephalidae) in New South Wales, Australia. Mar Freshwat Res 53:1091–1100

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gray CA, Haddy JA, Fearman J, Barnes LM, Macbeth WG, Kendall BW (2012) Reproduction, growth and connectivity among populations of Girella tricuspidata (Pisces: Girellidae). Aquat Biol 16:53–68

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gray CA, Jones MV, Rotherham D, Broadhurst MK, Johnson DD, Barnes LM (2005) Utility and efficiency of multi-mesh gill nets and trammel nets for sampling assemblages and populations of estuarine fish. Mar Freshwat Res 56:1077–1088

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gray CA, Kennelly SJ (2003) Catch characteristics of the commercial beach-seine fisheries in two Australian barrier estuaries. Fish Res 63:405–422

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gray CA, Rotherham D, Chapman MG, Underwood AJ, Johnson DD (2009) Spatial scales of variation among assemblages of fish in coastal lakes sampled with multi-mesh gillnets: implications for designing research surveys. Fish Res 96:58–63

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gray CA, Ives MC, Macbeth WG, Kendall BW (2010) Variation in growth, mortality, length and age compositions of harvested populations of the herbivorous fish. Girella Tricuspidata J Fish Biol 76:880–899

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gray CA, Rotherham D, Johnson DD (2011) Consistency of temporal and habitat related differences among assemblages of fish in coastal lagoons. Est Coast Shelf Sci 95:401–414

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grüss A, Kaplan DM, Guénette S, Roberts CM, Botsford LW (2011) Consequences of adult and juvenile movement for marine protected areas. Biol Conserv 144:692–702

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guidetti P, Baiata P, Ballesteros E, Di Franco A, Hereu B, Macpherson E, Micheli F, Pais A, Panzalis P, Rosenberg AA, Zabala M, Sala E (2014) Large-scale assessment of Mediterranean marine protected areas effects on fish assemblages. PLoS ONE 9(4):e91841

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hall AE, Cameron DS, Kingsford MJ (2021) Partially protected areas as a management tool on inshore reefs. Rev Fish Biol Fish 31:631–651

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Halpern BS, Lester SE, Kellner JB (2009) Spillover from marine reserves and the replenishment of fished stocks. Environ Conserv 36:268–276

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harasti D, Williams J, Mitchell E, Lindfield S, Jordan A (2018) Increase in relative abundance and size of snapper Chrysophrys auratus within partially-protected and no-take areas in a temperate marine protected area. Front Mar Sci 2018(5):20

    Google Scholar 

  • Harasti D, Davis TR, Jordan A, Erskine L, Moltschaniwskyj N (2019) Illegal recreational fishing causes a decline in a fishery targeted species (Snapper: Chrysophrys auratus) within a remote no-take marine protected area. PLoS ONE 14(1):e0209926

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Harrison HB, Williamson DH, Evans RD, Almany GR, Thorrold SR, Russ GR, Feldheim KA, van Herwerden L, Planes S, Srinivasan M, Berumen ML (2012) Larval export from marine reserves and the recruitment benefit for fish and fisheries. Curr Biol 22:1023–1028

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Juanes JA, Gómez AG, Rubio S, García-Castrillo G, Puente A, Ondiviela B, Medina R (2020) Santander Bay: multiuse and multiuser socioecological space. Reg Stud Mar Sci 34:101034

    Google Scholar 

  • Kearney RE (2001) Fisheries property rights and recreational/commercial conflict: implications of policy developments in Australia and New Zealand. Mar Pol 25:49–59

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lester SE, Halpern BS (2008) Biological responses in marine no-take reserves versus partially protected areas. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 367:49–56

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lester SE, Halpern BS, Grorud-Colvert K, Lubchenco J, Ruttenberg BI, Gaines SD, Airam S, Warner RR (2009) Biological effects within no-take marine reserves: a global synthesis. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 384:33–46

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lotze HK, Lenihan HS, Bourque BJ, Bradbury RH, Cooke RG, Kay MC, Kidwell SM, Kirby MX, Peterson CH, Jackson JB (2006) Depletion, degradation, and recovery potential of estuaries and coastal seas. Science 312(5781):1806–1809

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lubchenco J, Grorud-Colvert K (2015) Making waves: the science and politics of ocean protection. Science 350:382–383

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lynch TP (2006) Incorporation of recreational fishing effort into design of marine protected areas. Conserv Biol 20:11466–11476

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mair L, Mill AC, Robertson PA, Rushton SP, Shirley MD, Rodriguez JP, McGowan PJ (2018) The contribution of scientific research to conservation planning. Biol Conserv 223:82–96

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Malcolm HA, Jordan A, Creese B, Knott NA (2016) Size and age are important factors for marine sanctuaries: evidence from a decade of systematic sampling in a subtropical marine park. Aquat Conserv Mar Freshw Ecosyst 26:1090–1106

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Malcolm HA, Schultz AL, Sachs P, Johnstone N, Jordan A (2015) Decadal changes in the abundance and length of snapper (Chrysophrys auratus) in subtropical marine sanctuaries. PLoS ONE 10(6):e0127616

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Malcolm HA, Williams J, Schultz AL, Neilson J, Johnstone N, Knott NA, Harasti D, Coleman MA, Jordan A (2018) Targeted fishes are larger and more abundant in ‘no-take’ areas in a subtropical marine park. Est Coast Shelf Sci 212:118–127

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Momtaz S, Gladstone W (2008) Ban on commercial fishing in the estuarine waters of New South Wales, Australia: community consultation and social impacts. Environ Impact Assess Rev 28:214–225

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy JJ, Ochwada-Doyle FA, West LD, Stark KE, Hughes JM, Taylor MD (2022) Survey of recreational fishing in NSW, 2019/20. NSW Department of Primary Industries, Nelson Bay, Fisheries Final Report Series No. 161

  • Noble MM, Harasti D, Pittock J, Doran B (2019) Understanding the spatial diversity of social uses, dynamics, and conflicts in marine spatial planning. J Environ Manag 246:929–940

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ochwada-Doyle F, Stark K, Hughes J, Murphy J, Lowry M, West L (2021) Temporal and regional variation in catch across an extensive coastal recreational fishery: exploring the utility of survey methods to guide and assess spatio-temporal management initiatives. PLoS ONE 16:e0254388

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ochwada-Doyle FA, McLeod J, Barrett G, Clarke G, Gray CA (2014a) Spatial patterns of recreational exploitation in eastern Australian ROFAs; implications for zonal management. Fish Manag Ecol 21:383–397

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ochwada-Doyle FA, Stocks J, Barnes L, Gray CA (2014b) Reproduction, growth and mortality of the exploited, Sillago ciliata Cuvier, 1829. J App Ichthyol 30:870–880

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Prestrelo L (2016) Identifying multiple-use conflicts prior to marine spatial planning: a case study of a multi-legislative estuary in Brazil. Mar Pol 67:83–93

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts CM, Polunin NVC (1991) Are marine reserves effective in management of reef fisheries? Rev Fish Biol Fish 1:65–91

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roper T, Creese B, Scanes P, Stephens K, Williams R, Dela-Cruz J, Coade G, Coates B, Fraser M (2011) Assessing the Condition of Estuaries and Coastal Lake Ecosystems in NSW. Report Number OEH2011/0717 NSW Office of Environment and Heritage, 978 1 74293 338 2 OEH 2011, Sydney, Australia.

  • Rotherham D, Chapman MG, Underwood AJ, Gray CA, Johnson DD (2011) Untangling spatial and temporal variation in abundances of estuarine fish sampled with multi-mesh gillnets. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 435:183–195

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rotherham D, Gray CA, Broadhurst MK, Johnson DD, Barnes LA, Jones MV (2006) Sampling estuarine fish using multi-mesh gill nets: effects of panel length and soak and setting times. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 331:226–239

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rotherham D, Underwood AJ, Chapman MG, Gray CA (2007) A strategy for developing scientific sampling tools for fishery-independent surveys of estuarine fish in New South Wales, Australia. ICES J Mar Sci 64:1512–1516

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roy PS, Williams RJ, Jones AR, Yassini I, Gibbs PJ, Coates B, West RJ, Scanes PR, Hudson JP, Nichol S (2001) Structure and function of south-east Australian estuaries. Est Coast Shelf Sci 53:351–384

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sala E, Ballesteros E, Dendrinos P, Di Franco A, Ferretti F, Foley D, Fraschetti S, Friedlander A, Garrabou J, Güçlüsoy H, Guidetti P, Halpern B, Hereu B, Karamanlidis A, Kizilkaya Z, Macpherson E, Mangialajo L, Mariani S, Micheli F, Pais A, Riser K, Rosenberg A, Sales M, Selkoe K, Starr R, Tomas F, Zabala M (2012) The structure of Mediterranean rocky reef ecosystems across environmental and human gradients, and conservation implications. PLoS ONE 7(2):e32742

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sala E, Lubchenco J, Grorud-Colvert K, Novelli C, Roberts C, Sumaila UR (2018) Assessing real progress towards effective ocean protection. Mar Pol 91:11–13

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schnierer S, Egan H (2016) Composition of the Aboriginal harvest of fisheries resources in coastal New South Wales, Australia. Rev Fish Biol Fish 26:693–709

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sciberras M, Jenkins SR, Mant R, Kaiser MJ, Hawkins SJ, Pullin AS (2015) Evaluating the relative conservation value of fully and partially protected marine areas. Fish Fisheries 16:58–77

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shears NT, Grace RV, Usmar NR, Kerr V, Babcock RC (2006) Long-term trends in lobster populations in a partially protected vs. No-Take Marine Park. Biol Conserv 132:222–231

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sheaves M (2006) Scale-dependent variation in composition of fish fauna among sandy tropical estuarine embayments. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 310:173–184

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sheaves M (2016) Simple processes drive unpredictable differences in estuarine fish assemblages: baselines for understanding site-specific ecological and anthropogenic impacts. Est Coast Shelf Sci 170:61–69

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Steffe AS, Murphy JJ, Chapman DJ, Barrett GP, Gray CA (2005b) An assessment of changes in the daytime, boat-based, recreational fishery of the Tuross Lake estuary following the establishment of a 'Recreational Fishing Haven'. NSW Department of Primary Industries - Fisheries Final Report Series No. 81. Cronulla, Australia. 70 pp

  • Steffe AS, Murphy JJ, Chapman DJ, Gray CA (2005a) An assessment of changes in the daytime recreational fishery of Lake Macquarie following the establishment of a 'Recreational Fishing Haven'. NSW Department of Primary Industries - Fisheries Final Report Series No. 79. Cronulla, Australia. 103 pp

  • Stobart B, Warwick R, González C, Mallol S, Díaz D, Reñones O, Goñi R (2009) Long-term and spillover effects of a marine protected area on an exploited fish community. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 384:47–60

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas HL, Macsharry B, Morgan L, Kingston N, Moffitt R, Stanwell-Smith D, Wood L (2014) Evaluating official marine protected area coverage for Aichi Target 11: appraising the data and methods that define our progress. Aquat Conserv Mar Freshw Ecosyst 24:8–23

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thomson JM (1959) Some aspects of the ecology of Lake Macquarie, N.S.W., with regard to an alleged depletion of fish. X. The movements of fish. Aust J Mar Freshw Res 10:375–387

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tobin RC, Sutton SG (2011) Perceived benefits and costs of recreational-only fishing areas to the recreational and commercial estuarine fishery within north Queensland. Am Fish Soc Symp 75:125–138

    Google Scholar 

  • Turnbull JW, Johnston EL, Clark GF (2021) Evaluating the social and ecological effectiveness of partially protected marine areas. Conserv Biol 35:921–932

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Underwood AJ (1991) Beyond BACI: experimental designs for detecting human environmental impacts on temporal variations in natural populations. Mar Freshw Res 42:569–587

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Underwood AJ (1994) On beyond BACI: sampling designs that might reliably detect environmental disturbances. Ecol Apps 4:3–15

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Voyer M, Barclay K, McIlgorm A, Mazur N (2017) Connections or conflict? A social and economic analysis of the interconnections between the professional fishing industry, recreational fishing and marine tourism in coastal communities in NSW, Australia. Mar Pol 76:114–121

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Watson DL, Anderson MJ, Kendrick GA, Nardi K, Harvey ES (2009) Effects of protection from fishing on the lengths of targeted and non-targeted fish species at the Houtman Abrolhos Islands, Western Australia. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 384:241–249

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • West RJ, Gordon GN (1994) The recreational and commercial harvest of fish from two Australian estuaries. Aust J Mar Freshw Res 45:1259–1279

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Westera M, Lavery P, Hyndes GA (2003) Differences in recreationally targeted fishes between protected and fished areas of a coral reef marine park. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 294:145–168

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Whitfield AK, Panfili J, Durand JD (2012) A global review of the cosmopolitan flathead mullet Mugil cephalus Linnaeus 1758 (Teleostei: Mugilidae), with emphasis on the biology, genetics, ecology and fisheries aspects of this apparent species complex. Rev Fish Biol Fish 22:641–681

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Winer BJ (1971) Statistical principles in experimental design, 2d edn. McGraw-Hill

    Google Scholar 

  • Zupan M, Fragkopoulou E, Claudet J, Erzini K, Horta e Costa B, Gonçalves EJ (2018) Marine partially protected areas: drivers of ecological effectiveness. Front Ecol Environ 16:381–387

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The Project Advisory Committee consisting Richard Stevens, Greg Jenkins, John Burgess and Russell Massey gave valuable input throughout the project. Lead technicians Caitlin Young and Danial Johnson provided field and laboratory assistance.

Funding

The project was funded by the Australian and New South Wales Governments, supported by the University of Sydney and the Sydney Institute of Marine Science, as part of the Fisheries Research and Development Corporation Project 2008/004.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. WildFish Research, Sydney, Australia

    Charles A. Gray

  2. Marine Ecology Laboratories, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia

    M. G. Chapman & A. J. Underwood

  3. Sutherland, Australia

    Douglas Rotherham

Authors
  1. Charles A. Gray
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. M. G. Chapman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. A. J. Underwood
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Douglas Rotherham
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

CG and DR conceived the study. All authors contributed to the sampling design. CG and DR managed data collection, sample processing and archiving. CG, MC and AU analysed data and wrote different sections of the draft manuscript. All authors contributed towards editing the manuscript, with CG as the primary and corresponding author.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Charles A. Gray.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Ethical approval

Sampling was done in accordance with the NSW Government DPI Animal Care and Ethics Approval 2002/15.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary Information

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary file1 (PDF 127 kb)

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Gray, C.A., Chapman, M.G., Underwood, A.J. et al. Spatial management of estuarine fisheries resources: Do recreational-only fished estuaries provide conservation to harvested species?. Rev Fish Biol Fisheries 32, 1123–1140 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11160-022-09723-w

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11160-022-09723-w

Keywords

Search

Navigation